Teks -- 1 Chronicles 15:19-29 (NET)

15:19 The musicians Heman, Asaph, and Ethan were to sound the bronze cymbals; 15:20 Zechariah, Aziel, Shemiramoth, Jehiel, Unni, Eliab, Maaseiah, and Benaiah were to play the harps according to the alamoth style; 15:21 Mattithiah, Eliphelehu, Mikneiah, Obed-Edom, Jeiel, and Azaziah were to play the lyres according to the sheminith style, as led by the director; 15:22 Kenaniah, the leader of the Levites, was in charge of transport, for he was well-informed on this matter; 15:23 Berechiah and Elkanah were guardians of the ark; 15:24 Shebaniah, Joshaphat, Nethanel, Amasai, Zechariah, Benaiah, and Eliezer the priests were to blow the trumpets before the ark of God; Obed-Edom and Jehiel were also guardians of the ark. 15:25 So David, the leaders of Israel, and the commanders of units of a thousand went to bring up the ark of the Lord’s covenant from the house of Obed-Edom with celebration. 15:26 When God helped the Levites who were carrying the ark of the Lord’s covenant, they sacrificed seven bulls and seven rams. 15:27 David was wrapped in a linen robe, as were all the Levites carrying the ark, the musicians, and Kenaniah the supervisor of transport and the musicians; David also wore a linen ephod. 15:28 All Israel brought up the ark of the Lord’s covenant; they were shouting, blowing trumpets, sounding cymbals, and playing stringed instruments. 15:29 As the ark of the Lord’s covenant entered the City of David, Michal, Saul’s daughter, looked out the window. When she saw King David jumping and celebrating, she despised him.

Tafsiran/Catatan -- Catatan Kata/Frasa (per frasa)

Wesley: 1Ch 15:20 - Alamoth

Or, with Alamoth which is thought to be the name of an instrument of musick; or of a certain tune, or note, or part in musick. The certain signification of it is not now known; and the like may be said of Sheminith, 1Ch 15:21.

Wesley: 1Ch 15:21 - To excel

Which word may be added to note the excellency of that instrument, or part of musick; or that there was a greater extension or elevation of the voice than in the former. This way of praising God by musical instruments, had not hitherto been in use. But David instituted it by divine direction, and added it to the other ordinances of that dispensation.

Wesley: 1Ch 15:22 - For song

He was the moderator of the musick, instructing them when and how to lift up their voices, or change their notes, or make their stops.

Wesley: 1Ch 15:23 - Door

keepers - They were appointed to keep the door of the tent in which the ark was to be kept, that no unallowed person might press in and touch it; and in like manner they were to attend upon the ark in the way, and to guard it from the press and touch of prophane hands; for which end these two went before the ark, is their other two brethren mentioned in the close of 1Ch 15:24, came after it.

Wesley: 1Ch 15:26 - Helped

Encouraging them in their work with some comfortable sign of his presence with them. In all our religious exercises, we must derive help from heaven. God's ministers that bare the vessels of the Lord, have special need of divine help in their ministrations, that God may be glorified thereby, and the people edified.

Wesley: 1Ch 15:27 - Linen

With a linen ephod. This circumstance is repeated, because it was an unusual thing for one, who was no Levite, to wear a Levitical garment.

JFB: 1Ch 15:16-24 - David spake to the chief of the Levites to appoint . . . the singers with instruments

These eminent Levites were instructed to train the musicians and singers who were under them, for the solemn procession. The performers were ranged in three choirs or bands, and the names of the principal leaders are given (1Ch 15:17-18, 1Ch 15:21), with the instruments respectively used by each. "Ben" (1Ch 15:18) is omitted (1Ch 15:20). Either it was used merely as a common noun, to intimate that Zechariah was the son of Jaaziel or Aziel, or Ben is the same as Azaziah [1Ch 15:21].

JFB: 1Ch 15:22 - Chenaniah, chief of the Levites

He was not of the six heads of the Levitical families, but a chief in consequence of his office, which required learning, without regard to birth or family.

JFB: 1Ch 15:22 - instructed about the song

He directed all these bands as to the proper time when each was to strike in or change their notes; or, as some render the passage, "He led the burdens, for he was skilled," that is, in the custom which it was necessary to observe in the carriage of the holy things [BERTHEAU].

JFB: 1Ch 15:23 - Berechiah and Elkanah were doorkeepers

Who marched immediately in front, while Obed-edom and Jeiel went in the rear, of the ark.

JFB: 1Ch 15:25 - So David, and the elders . . . and captains . . . went

The pious design of David in ordering all his principal ministers and officers to take part in this solemn work and imparting so much pomp and imposing ceremony to the procession, was evidently to inspire the popular mind with a profound veneration for the ark and to give the young especially salutary impressions of religion, which would be renewed by the remembrance that they had been witnesses of the august solemnity in which the king and the highest aristocracy of the land participated, vying with all other classes to do honor to the God of Israel.

JFB: 1Ch 15:26 - it came to pass, &c.

(See on 2Sa 6:13-23).

JFB: 1Ch 15:26 - they offered seven bullocks and seven rams

The Levites seem to have entered on this duty with fear and trembling; and finding that they might advance without any such indications of divine wrath as Uzza had experienced (1Ch 13:10), they offered an ox and a fatted sheep immediately after starting (2Sa 6:13), and seven bullocks and seven rams--a perfect sacrifice, at the close of the procession (1Ch 16:1). It is probable that preparations had been made for the offering of similar sacrifices at regular intervals along the way.

JFB: 1Ch 15:27 - a robe of fine linen

Hebrew, Butz--is rather supposed in the later books to denote cotton.

JFB: 1Ch 15:27 - an ephod

A shoulder-garment, a cincture or cape over his dress. It was worn by the priests, but was not so peculiar to them as to be forbidden others (1Sa 2:18; 1Sa 22:18).

JFB: 1Ch 15:29 - Michal . . . saw . . . David dancing and playing

His movements would be slow and solemn, suitable to the grave and solemn character of the music. Though his royal robes were laid aside, he was attired like the other officials, showing a becoming humility in the immediate presence of God. The feelings manifested by Michal were only an ebullition of spleen from a proud and passionate woman.

Clarke: 1Ch 15:20 - With psalteries on Alamoth

With psalteries on Alamoth - Some suppose that the word signifies virgins, or women singers, the persons mentioned here being appointed to accompany them with psalteries, and preside over them

The Vulgate says arcana cantabant , they sang secret things or mysteries; probably prophetic hymns.

Clarke: 1Ch 15:21 - On the Sheminith

On the Sheminith - According to the Targum, this signifies an instrument that sounded an octave, or, according to others, an instrument with eight strings. The Syriac and Arabic have it, instruments to sing with daily, at the third, sixth, and ninth hour; the Vulgate, an octave, for a song of victory: some think the eighth band of the musicians is intended, who had the strongest and most sonorous voices; and that it is in this sense that shelomith and lenatstseach should be understood.

Clarke: 1Ch 15:22 - Chenaniah - he instructed about the song

Chenaniah - he instructed about the song - This appears to have been the master singer; he gave the key and the time, for he presided במשא bemassa , in the elevation, probably meaning what is called pitching the tune, for he was skillful in music, and powerful in his voice, and well qualified to lead the band: be might have been precentor.

Clarke: 1Ch 15:26 - God helped the Levites

God helped the Levites - When they saw that God had made no breach among them, as he had in the case of Uzza, in gratitude for their preservation, and his acceptance of their labor, they sacrificed seven bullocks and seven rams.

Clarke: 1Ch 15:27 - A robe of fine linen

A robe of fine linen - A robe made of בוץ buts , probably the tuft or beard of the Pinna Magna, a species of muscle found every where on the shores of the Mediterranean, growing sometimes, as I have seen, to a foot and a half in length. I have seen a pair of gloves made of this very rich stuff; the color is a deep dark yellow, something inclining to what is called the lilac. The buts or byssus was not heard of in Israel before the time of David: after that it is frequently mentioned.

Clarke: 1Ch 15:29 - Michal - saw - David dancing - and she despised him

Michal - saw - David dancing - and she despised him - See this whole business explained 2Sa 6:20 (note), etc., where David’ s conduct is vindicated, and the nature of Michal’ s disgrace and punishment hinted at, but all left to the reader’ s determination.

TSK: 1Ch 15:19

1Ch 15:16, 1Ch 13:8, 1Ch 16:5, 1Ch 16:42, 1Ch 25:1, 1Ch 25:6; Psa 150:5

TSK: 1Ch 15:20 - Aziel // Alamoth

Aziel : 1Ch 15:18, Jaaziel

Alamoth : Psa 46:1 *title

TSK: 1Ch 15:21 - Mattithiah // harps // Sheminith to excel

Mattithiah : 1Ch 15:18, 1Ch 16:5

harps : 1Ch 25:6, 1Ch 25:7; 1Sa 10:5; Psa 33:2, Psa 81:1, Psa 81:2, Psa 92:3, Psa 150:3

Sheminith to excel : or, eighth to oversee, Psa 6:1, Psa 12:1 *titles

TSK: 1Ch 15:22 - for // song // he instructed

for : etc. or, for the carriage, he instructed about the carriage

song : Heb. lifting up, 1Ch 15:16, 1Ch 15:27

he instructed : 1Ch 25:7, 1Ch 25:8

TSK: 1Ch 15:23

1Ch 9:21-23; 2Ki 22:4, 2Ki 25:18; Psa 84:10

TSK: 1Ch 15:24 - the priests // Obededom

the priests : 1Ch 16:6; Num 10:8; 2Ch 5:12, 2Ch 5:13; Psa 81:13; Joe 2:1, Joe 2:15

Obededom : 1Ch 15:18, 1Ch 15:23

TSK: 1Ch 15:25 - David // captains // Obededom // with joy

David : 2Sa 6:12, 2Sa 6:13-23; 1Ki 8:1

captains : Num 31:14; Deu 1:15; 1Sa 8:12, 1Sa 10:19, 1Sa 22:7; Mic 5:2

Obededom : 1Ch 13:14

with joy : 1Ch 13:11, 1Ch 13:12; Deu 12:7, Deu 12:18, Deu 16:11, Deu 16:15; 2Ch 20:27, 2Ch 20:28; Ezr 6:16; Psa 95:1, Psa 95:2; Psa 100:1, Psa 100:2; Phi 3:3, Phi 4:4

TSK: 1Ch 15:26 - God // they // bullocks

God : 1Ch 29:14; 1Sa 7:12; Act 26:22; 2Co 2:16, 2Co 3:5

they : 2Sa 6:13; Psa 66:13-15

bullocks : Num 23:1, Num 23:2, Num 23:4, Num 23:29, Num 29:32; Job 42:8; Eze 45:23

TSK: 1Ch 15:27 - a robe // Chenaniah // song

a robe : 1Sa 2:18; 2Sa 6:14

Chenaniah : 1Ch 15:22

song : or, carriage, 1Ch 15:22

TSK: 1Ch 15:28 - brought up // with shouting // the cornet

brought up : 2Sa 6:15

with shouting : 1Ch 15:16, 1Ch 13:8; 2Ch 5:12, 2Ch 5:13; Ezr 3:10, Ezr 3:11; Psa 47:1-5, Psa 68:25, Psa 98:4-6; Psa 150:3-5

the cornet : Jerome on Hos 5:8 says this instrument is properly called in Greek κερατινη , from κερας [Strong’ s G2768], a horn. The trumpets were, according to Josephus, made of metal, and about a cubit in length. See note on Num 10:2.

TSK: 1Ch 15:29 - as the ark // Lord // Michal // dancing // she despised

as the ark : 1Ch 17:1; Num 10:33; Deu 31:26; Jos 4:7; Jdg 20:27; 1Sa 4:3; Jer 3:16; Heb 9:4

Lord : 2Sa 6:16

Michal : 1Sa 18:27, 1Sa 18:28, 1Sa 19:11-17, 1Sa 25:44; 2Sa 3:13, 2Sa 3:14

dancing : Exo 15:20; Psa 30:11, Psa 149:3, Psa 150:4; Ecc 3:4; Jer 30:19, Jer 33:11

she despised : 2Sa 6:20-23; Psa 69:7-9; Act 2:13; 1Co 2:14; 2Co 5:13

Tafsiran/Catatan -- Catatan Kata/Frasa (per Ayat)

Poole: 1Ch 15:20 - On Alamoth

In this catalogue Ben is omitted, who was mentioned 1Ch 15:18 . Yet others think him to be the same who is called Azaziah , 1Ch 15:21 . But Ben might be some other person, who was indeed appointed for this work, as is related, 1Ch 15:17,18 ; and yet he might be taken off by death or sickness, or some sudden and extraordinary accident which hindered his execution of the place and work allotted for him, which might force the chief of the Levites to appoint some other in his stead, when they came to put their institution in practice, as here they did.

On Alamoth or, with (as that particle is elsewhere used) Alamoth , which is thought to be the name of an instrument of music; or of a certain tune, or note, or part in music. The certain signification of it is not now known, nor is it necessary for us to know it. And the like may be said of Sheminith , 1Ch 15:21 .

Poole: 1Ch 15:21 - See Poole "1Ch 15:20" // To excel

See Poole "1Ch 15:20" .

To excel: the word may be here added to note the excellency of that instrument, or note, or part of music; or that there was a greater extension or elevation of the voice than in the former.

Poole: 1Ch 15:22 - Was for song

Was for song Heb. was for lifting up ; either,

1. Of the ark; he was for carriage of the ark, being appointed to instruct or direct the time and manner of carrying the ark, and when they should make a stand or a change in the bearers. Or rather,

2. Of the voice; he was the moderator of the music, instructing them when and how to lift up their voices, or change their notes, or make their stops, which best agrees with the following reason, because he was skillful; for this required far more skill than the carriage of the ark, which any man of common discretion could easily govern; and with 1Ch 15:27 , where this same Chenaniah is joined with the singers .

Poole: 1Ch 15:23

They were appointed to keep the door of the tent, in which the ark was to be put and kept, that no unallowed person might press in and touch it; and in like manner they were to attend upon the ark in the way, and to guard it from the press and touch of profane hands; for which end these two went before the ark, as their other two brethren, mentioned in the close of 1Ch 15:24 , came after it, that so it might be guarded on all sides; which, how necessary it was to be done, sufficiently appears from the danger of coming too near the ark, or to look into it, which was exemplified in the Bethshemites, 1Sa 6:19 .

Poole: 1Ch 15:26 - When God helped the Levites

When God helped the Levites either,

1. By giving them strength to carry their burden; or rather,

2. By encouraging them in their work with some comfortable sign of his presence with them, and approbation of their work and manner of carrying the ark: when they saw that he did not cut off any of the persons employed, as he had done before, but spared and favoured them; which they perceived when they had gone six paces, as appears by 2Sa 6:13 .

Poole: 1Ch 15:27 - With a robe of fine linen

With a robe of fine linen i.e. with a linen ephod, as it is explained in the close of this verse, where this circumstance is repeated, because it was a notable and unusual thing for David, who was no Levite, to wear a Levitical garment. Of this and the following verses, See Poole "2Sa 6:14" , See Poole "2Sa 6:15" , See Poole "2Sa 6:16" .

Haydock: 1Ch 15:20 - Zacharias // Psalteries

Zacharias, &c., presided over the second band, with nables, and Mathathias over the third, which had instruments of eight strings. The priests sounded the trumpets, (ver. 24.) which Chonenias directed all the music, in this solemn processions. (Calmet) ---

Psalteries. Literally, "nables." (Haydock) ---

The Vulgate sometimes renders it psalterion, at other times lyra, (Menochius) or symphonia. (St. Jerome, ad Dard.) (Tirinus) ---

Some have supposed that the word denotes bagpipes; but it was a stringed instrument made of wood. (Calmet) ---

Hebrew, "with nebalim over halamoth, " concerted things, or virgins, (Psalm lxvii. 26.) who sung the mysterious words of God. (Haydock)

Haydock: 1Ch 15:21 - Ozaziu // Of victory // For the octave

Ozaziu does not occur before. Septuagint have Ozias both here and [in] ver. 18, after Jehiel. (Haydock) ---

Of victory, such as was customary on the like occasions. ---

For the octave. Hebrew hasheminith, according to the Jews, means an instrument of eight strings; so when ten is mentioned, the Septuagint frequently supply "strings," Psalm xxxii. 2. (Menochius) ---

Hebrew, "they had guitars, and presided over the eighth band to intone. All the bands formed four choirs, distinguished by their instruments, the cymbal, nable, cinnor, (or guitar) and trumpets. (Calmet)

Haydock: 1Ch 15:22 - The prophecy

The prophecy. Singing praises to God is here called prophecy: the more, because these singers were often inspired men. (Challoner) ---

Hebrew Massa signifies a song, (Haydock) elevation, (Calmet) burden. (Syriac) So the Vulgate has onus Moab, &c., the burden or dreadful prediction against Moab. (Calmet) ---

Prophecy often denotes no more than a melodious canticle, 1 Kings x. 10. (Haydock) ---

Chonenias directed all this music. Septuagint simply style him "prince of the Levites, prince of the musicians" (Calmet) or Greek: archon ton odon (who gave out the songs) "because he was intelligent." (Haydock)

Haydock: 1Ch 15:24 - Jehias

Jehias is called Jehiel, ver. 18., and 21. He, Obededom, Barachias, and Elcana, (ver. 23.) were probably the four chief porters who attended the ark in arms; and others were, afterwards, stationed at the temple, chap. ix. 17. The two former took part also in the music, ver. 21. (Calmet) ---

Perhaps two preceded and two went behind the ark, to keep off the crowd. (Menochius)

Haydock: 1Ch 15:26 - Rams

Rams, in thanksgiving, that they had not been treated like Oza. (Calmet) ---

The Jews pretend that the ark was no burden to the Levites. (Tirinus) ---

Love makes all duties easy. (Haydock)

Haydock: 1Ch 15:27 - Linen // Ephod

Linen. Hebrew, "a cloak of byssus," or of the finest white linen. (Du Hamel) ---

Bysus has often occurred before in the Vulgate, but we find the Hebrew buts, here for the first time. It probably denotes the brilliant yellow silk taken from the fish pinna, of which St. Basil speaks. (Hexa. vii.) Justinian was clothed with it, on account of its rarity and brightness. (Procopius, de fabric. Yet as it would hardly assume any colour but black, it was not so much sought after as the silk of Persia. Not only David, but all the Levites, were thus richly adorned; as the latter were at the dedication of the temple, 2 Paralipomenon ii. 14. There was a manufactory of this byssus established by David, chap. iv. 21. That of Egypt was white, and is called schesch, or "cotton," Exodus xvi. 4. (Calmet) ---

Ephod. Septuagint, "a stole of byssus," or a long silken robe, (Haydock) which has been already expressed; (Tirinus) or rather, the ephod was only a girdle, which was not peculiar to the sacred ministers, 1 Kings ii. 18. (Calmet) ---

Samuel, though a child, wore one. (Worthington)

Haydock: 1Ch 15:29 - Heart

Heart, and reproached him for appearing without his regal ornaments, (Haydock; 2 Kings vi. 20.) as if he had been naked. No reproach could have been more unfounded, as we see David had on a robe of byssus, with the ephod. (Calmet)

Gill: 1Ch 15:19 - So the singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan // to sound with cymbals of brass

So the singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan,.... The three principal of them: these were appointed

to sound with cymbals of brass; for as there were three sorts of musical instruments, 1Ch 15:16 these three chief singers had one of those instruments appropriated to them, one of which were the cymbals of brass, to which the apostle alludes, 1Co 13:1.

Gill: 1Ch 15:20 - And Zechariah, and Aziel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Unni, and Eliab, and Maaseiah, and Benaiah // with psalteries on Alamoth

And Zechariah, and Aziel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Unni, and Eliab, and Maaseiah, and Benaiah,.... Who were eight of the second degree; Aziel is the same with Jaaziel, 1Ch 15:18 and Ben is left out, in whose room Azaziah, in the next verse, seems to be put; Ben is thought to be sick or dead before they came to execute their office, and whom the father of Kimchi takes to be the same with him who is expressed in the title of Psa 9:1 which title is, "on Muthlabben", or the death of Ben: these were appointed to sound

with psalteries on Alamoth; psalteries were another kind of instruments of music; and Alamoth was either the beginning of a song, to the tune of which those instruments played, or the tune itself, and the note of it; either the treble or counter tenor, a shrill sound, like that of organs, which this word sometimes signifies, see Psa 46:1.

Gill: 1Ch 15:21 - And Mattithiah, and Elipheleh, and Mikneiah, and Obededom, and Jeiel, and Azaziah // with harps on the Sheminith to excel

And Mattithiah, and Elipheleh, and Mikneiah, and Obededom, and Jeiel, and Azaziah,.... These six were appointed to sound:

with harps on the Sheminith to excel; which Sheminith some take to be an harp with eight strings, or the beginning of a song, or a musical tone, the bass; see the title of Psa 6:1.

Gill: 1Ch 15:22 - And Chenaniah chief of the Levites was for song // for the burden // he instructed about the song // because he was skilful

And Chenaniah chief of the Levites was for song,.... But the chief for the song were Heman, Asaph, and Ethan; rather

for the burden, as the Targum; for the lifting up and bearing the ark:

he instructed about the song; or about the taking up and bearing the burden, the ark; directing when to take it up, and how far to go with it, and then rest:

because he was skilful; a wise and prudent man in all things, and so proper to direct in this business.

Gill: 1Ch 15:23 - And Berechiah, and Elkanah, were doorkeepers for the ark

And Berechiah, and Elkanah, were doorkeepers for the ark,.... Either while it was at Kirjathjearim, and at Obededom's house; or rather after it was put in the tabernacle David had prepared for it; though it may be best of all to understand it, that those, as it was carrying, went before it, to keep the people from pressing to it, and gazing on it.

Gill: 1Ch 15:24 - And Shebaniah, and Jehoshaphat, and Nethaneel, and Amasai, and Zechariah, and Benaiah, and Eliezer, the priests, did blow with the trumpets before the ark of God // and Obededom and Jehiah were doorkeepers for the ark

And Shebaniah, and Jehoshaphat, and Nethaneel, and Amasai, and Zechariah, and Benaiah, and Eliezer, the priests, did blow with the trumpets before the ark of God,.... With the silver trumpets; one use of which was to blow with when the camps and ark of the Lord moved, Num 10:5.

and Obededom and Jehiah were doorkeepers for the ark; they went behind it, as the others before it, for the same purpose, as it was bringing up.

Gill: 1Ch 15:25 - So David and the elders of Israel, and the captains over thousands // went to bring up the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of the house of Obededom with joy

So David and the elders of Israel, and the captains over thousands,.... He and the principal men of the nation, and the officers of the army or militia:

went to bring up the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of the house of Obededom with joy; with all demonstrations of it; for which purpose such a band of music was prepared, as before described.

Gill: 1Ch 15:26 - And it came to pass, when God helped the Levites that bare the ark of the covenant of the Lord // that they offered seven bullocks and seven rams

And it came to pass, when God helped the Levites that bare the ark of the covenant of the Lord,.... Not merely granted them bodily strength to carry it, which did not require a great deal; but helped them to carry it with cheerfulness, and without fear, and so as to commit no error, nor in any respect provoke his displeasure, as when it was brought before from Kirjathjearim:

that they offered seven bullocks and seven rams; by way of thanksgiving, besides what David offered; and this was done by the way, see 2Sa 6:13.

Gill: 1Ch 15:27 - And David was clothed with a robe of fine linen // and all the Levites that bare the ark, and the singers, and Chenaniah the master of the song // with the singers // David also had upon him an ephod of linen

And David was clothed with a robe of fine linen,.... For though a king, he, being among the singers, was clothed as they; for so it follows:

and all the Levites that bare the ark, and the singers, and Chenaniah the master of the song; or of those that bore the burden, the ark, as the Targum:

with the singers; all were clothed in robes of fine linen:

David also had upon him an ephod of linen; which he had besides his linen robe, and was over it; and being a shorter and tighter garment, it bound the other closer to him; though some think this is explanative of the former, and designs the same, and is what others, besides priests, were, on occasion, allowed to wear, see 1Sa 2:18.

Gill: 1Ch 15:28 - Thus all Israel brought up the ark of the covenant of the Lord with shouting

Thus all Israel brought up the ark of the covenant of the Lord with shouting,.... See 2Sa 6:15.

Gill: 1Ch 15:29 - And it came to pass, as the ark of the covenant of the Lord came to the city of David, that Michal the daughter of Saul, looking out at a window

And it came to pass, as the ark of the covenant of the Lord came to the city of David, that Michal the daughter of Saul, looking out at a window,.... Of the palace, to see the procession, see 2Sa 6:16 where not only this circumstance is related, and the inward contempt she had David in, because of his behaviour, but also what she said, and what David returned in answer to it.