Teks -- Deuteronomy 14:1-20 (AV)

14:1 Ye are the children@ of the LORD@ your God_:@ ye shall not cut @ yourselves, nor make @ any baldness@ between your eyes@ for the dead _.@ 14:2 For thou art an holy@ people@ unto the LORD@ thy God_,@ and the LORD@ hath chosen @ thee to be a peculiar@ people@ unto himself, above all the nations@ that are upon@ the earth_.@ 14:3 Thou shalt not eat @ any abominable thing_.@ 14:4 These are the beasts@ which ye shall eat _:@ the ox_,@ the sheep_,@ and the goat_,@ 14:5 The hart_,@ and the roebuck_,@ and the fallow deer_,@ and the wild goat_,@ and the pygarg_,@ and the wild ox_,@ and the chamois_.@ {pygarg: or bison: Heb. dishon} 14:6 And every beast@ that parteth @ the hoof_,@ and cleaveth@ the cleft @ into two@ claws_,@ and cheweth @ the cud@ among the beasts_,@ that ye shall eat _.@ 14:7 Nevertheless these ye shall not eat @ of them that chew @ the cud_,@ or of them that divide @ the cloven @ hoof_;@ as the camel_,@ and the hare_,@ and the coney_:@ for they chew @ the cud_,@ but divide @ not the hoof_;@ therefore they are unclean@ unto you. 14:8 And the swine_,@ because it divideth @ the hoof_,@ yet cheweth not the cud_,@ it is unclean@ unto you: ye shall not eat @ of their flesh_,@ nor touch @ their dead carcase_.@ 14:9 These ye shall eat @ of all that are in the waters_:@ all that have fins@ and scales@ shall ye eat _:@ 14:10 And whatsoever hath not fins@ and scales@ ye may not eat _;@ it is unclean@ unto you. 14:11 Of all clean@ birds@ ye shall eat _.@ 14:12 But these are they of which ye shall not eat _:@ the eagle_,@ and the ossifrage_,@ and the ospray_,@ 14:13 And the glede_,@ and the kite_,@ and the vulture@ after his kind_,@ 14:14 And every raven@ after his kind_,@ 14:15 And the owl_,@ and the night hawk_,@ and the cuckow_,@ and the hawk@ after his kind_,@ 14:16 The little owl_,@ and the great owl_,@ and the swan_,@ 14:17 And the pelican_,@ and the gier eagle_,@ and the cormorant_,@ 14:18 And the stork_,@ and the heron@ after her kind_,@ and the lapwing_,@ and the bat_.@ 14:19 And every creeping thing@ that flieth@ is unclean@ unto you: they shall not be eaten _.@ 14:20 But of all clean@ fowls@ ye may eat _.@

Tafsiran/Catatan -- Catatan Kata/Frasa (per frasa)

Wesley: Deu 14:1 - Of the Lord

Whom therefore you must not disparage by unworthy or unbecoming practices.

Wesley: Deu 14:1 - Ye shall not cut yourselves

Which were the practices of idolaters, both in the worship of their idols, in their funerals, and upon occasion of public calamities. Is not this like a parent's charge to his little children, playing with knives, "Do not cut yourselves!" This is, the intention of those commands, which obliges us to deny ourselves. The meaning is, Do yourselves no harm! And as this also is, the design of cross providences, to remove from us those things by which we are in danger of doing ourselves harm.

Wesley: Deu 14:3 - Abominable

Unclean and forbidden by me, which therefore should be abominable to you.

JFB: Deu 14:1 - ye shall not cut yourselves . . . for the dead

It was a common practice of idolaters, both on ceremonious occasions of their worship (1Ki 18:28), and at funerals (compare Jer 16:6; Jer 41:5), to make ghastly incisions on their faces and other parts of their persons with their finger nails or sharp instruments. The making a large bare space between the eyebrows was another heathen custom in honor of the dead (see on Lev 19:27-28; Lev 21:5). Such indecorous and degrading usages, being extravagant and unnatural expressions of hopeless sorrow (1Th 4:13), were to be carefully avoided by the Israelites, as derogatory to the character, and inconsistent with the position, of those who were the people of God [Deu 14:2].

JFB: Deu 14:3 - Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing

That is, anything forbidden as unclean (see on Lev 11:1).

JFB: Deu 14:5 - The hart

(see on Deu 12:15).

JFB: Deu 14:5 - fallow deer

The Hebrew word (Jachmur) so rendered, does not represent the fallow deer, which is unknown in Western Asia, but an antelope (Oryx leucoryx), called by the Arabs, jazmar. It is of a white color, black at the extremities, and a bright red on the thighs. It was used at Solomon's table.

JFB: Deu 14:5 - wild goat

The word akko is different from that commonly used for a wild goat (1Sa 24:2; Psa 104:18; Pro 5:19), and it is supposed to be a goat-deer, having the body of a stag, but the head, horns, and beard of a goat. An animal of this sort is found in the East, and called Lerwee [SHAW, Travels].

JFB: Deu 14:5 - pygarg

A species of antelope (Oryx addax) with white buttocks, wreathed horns two feet in length, and standing about three feet seven inches high at the shoulders. It is common in the tracks which the Israelites had frequented [SHAW].

JFB: Deu 14:5 - wild ox

Supposed to be the Nubian Oryx, which differs from the Oryx leucoryx (formerly mentioned) by its black color; and it is, moreover, of larger stature and more slender frame, with longer and more curved horns. It is called Bekkar-El-Wash by the Arabs.

JFB: Deu 14:5 - chamois

Rendered by the Septuagint Cameleopard; but, by others who rightly judge it must have been an animal more familiar to the Hebrews, it is thought to be the Kebsch (Ovis tragelaphus), rather larger than a common sheep, covered not with wool, but with reddish hair--a Syrian sheep-goat.|| 05302||1||10||0||@@OF BIRDS.==== (Deu 14:11-20)

JFB: Deu 14:5 - Of all clean birds ye shall eat

(See on Lev 11:21).

JFB: Deu 14:13 - glede

Thought to be the same as that rendered vulture ( see on Lev 11:14).

JFB: Deu 14:15 - the cuckow

More probably the sea-gull. [See on Lev 11:16].

JFB: Deu 14:16 - the swan

Rather, the goose [MICHAELIS]. [See on Lev 11:18].

JFB: Deu 14:17 - gier eagle

The Hebrew word Rachemah is manifestly identical with Rachamah, the name which the Arabs give to the common vulture of Western Asia and Egypt (Neophron percnopterus). [See on Lev 11:18].

JFB: Deu 14:17 - cormorant

Rather, the plungeon; a seafowl. [See on Lev 11:17].

JFB: Deu 14:18 - the lapwing

The upupa or hoop: a beautiful bird, but of the most unclean habits. [See on Lev 11:19].

Clarke: Deu 14:1 - Ye are the children of the Lord

Ye are the children of the Lord - The very highest character that can be conferred on any created beings; ye shall not cut yourselves, i. e., their hair, for it was a custom among idolatrous nations to consecrate their hair to their deities, though they sometimes also made incisions in their flesh.

Clarke: Deu 14:4 - These are the beasts which ye shall eat

These are the beasts which ye shall eat - On Leviticus 11. I have entered into considerable detail relative to the clean and unclean animals there mentioned. For the general subject, the reader is referred to the notes on that chapter; but as there are particulars mentioned here which Moses does not introduce in Leviticus, it will be necessary to consider them in this place

Clarke: Deu 14:4 - The ox

The ox - שור shor : Bos, fifth order Pecora, of the genus Mammalia, species 41. This term includes all clean animals of the beeve kind; not only the ox properly so called, but also the bull, the cow, heifer, and calf

Clarke: Deu 14:4 - The sheep

The sheep - שה seh : Ovis, fifth order Pecora, of the genus Mammalia, species 40; including the ram, the wether, the ewe, and the lamb

Clarke: Deu 14:4 - The goat

The goat - עז az : Capra, fifth order Pecora, of the genus Mammalia, species 39; including the he-goat, she-goat, and kid. The words in the text, שה כשבים seh chesabim , signify the lamb or young of sheep; and שה עזים seh izzim , the young or kid of goats: but this is a Hebrew idiom which signifies every creature of the genus, as בן אנוש ben enosh and בן אדם ben adam , son of man, signify any human being. See Psa 144:3; Job 25:6

The flesh of these animals is universally allowed to be the most wholesome and nutritive. They live on the very best vegetables; and having several stomachs, their food is well concocted, and the chyle formed from it the most pure because the best elaborated, as it is well refined before it enters into the blood. On ruminating or chewing the cud, see the note on Lev 11:3.

Clarke: Deu 14:5 - The hart

The hart - איל aiyal , the deer, according to Dr. Shaw: see the note on Deu 12:15

Clarke: Deu 14:5 - The roebuck

The roebuck - צבי tsebi , generally supposed to be the antelope, belonging to the fifth order Pecora, genus Mammalia, and species 38. It has round twisted spiral horns, hairy tufts on the knees, browses on tender shoots, lives in hilly countries, is fond of climbing rocks, and is remarkable for its beautiful black eyes. The flesh is good and well flavoured

Clarke: Deu 14:5 - The fallow deer

The fallow deer - יחמור yachmur , from חמר chamar , to be troubled, disturbed, disordered: this is supposed to mean, not the fallow deer, but the bubalus or buffalo, which is represented by Dr. Shaw, and other travelers and naturalists, as a sullen, malevolent, and spiteful animal, capricious, ferocious, and every way brutal. According to the Linnaean classification, the buffalo belongs to the fifth order Pecora, genus Mammalia, species bos. According to 1Ki 4:23, this was one of the animals which was daily served up at the table of Solomon. Though the flesh of the buffalo is not considered very delicious, yet in the countries where it abounds it is eaten as frequently by all classes of persons as the ox is in England. The yachmur is not mentioned in the parallel place, Leviticus 11

Clarke: Deu 14:5 - The wild goat

The wild goat - אקו akko . It is not easy to tell what creature is intended by the akko. Dr. Shaw supposed it to be a kind of very timorous goat, known in the East by the name fishtall and serwee, and bearing a resemblance both to the goat and the stag, whence the propriety of the name given it by the Septuagint and Vulgate, tragelaphus , the goat-stag; probably the rupicapra or rock-goat. The word is found nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible

Clarke: Deu 14:5 - The pygarg

The pygarg - דישן dishon . As this word is nowhere else used, we cannot tell what animal is meant by it. The word pygarg πυγαργος, literally signifies white buttocks, and is applied to a kind of eagle with a white tail; but here it evidently means a quadruped. It was probably some kind of goat, common and well known in Judea

Clarke: Deu 14:5 - The wild ox

The wild ox - תאו teo . This is supposed to be the oryx of the Greeks, which is a species of large stag. It may be the same with the bekker el wash, described by Dr. Shaw as "a species of the deer kind, whose horns are exactly in the fashion of our stag, but whose size is only between the red and fallow deer."In Isa 51:20 a creature of the name of תוא to is mentioned, which we translate wild bull; it may be the same creature intended above, with the interchange of the two last letters

Clarke: Deu 14:5 - The chamois

The chamois - זמר zemer . This was probably a species of goat or deer, but of what kind we know not: that it cannot mean the chamois is evident from this circumstance, "that the chamois inhabits only the regions of snow and ice, and cannot bear the heat."- Buffon. The Septuagint and Vulgate translate it the Camelopard, but this creature is only found in the torrid zone and probably was never seen in Judea; consequently could never be prescribed as a clean animal, to be used as ordinary food. I must once more be permitted to say, that to ascertain the natural history of the Bible is a hopeless case. Of a few of its animals and vegetables we are comparatively certain, but of the great majority we know almost nothing. Guessing and conjecture are endless, and they have on these subjects been already sufficiently employed. What learning, deep, solid, extensive learning, and judgment could do, has already been done by the incomparable Bochart in his Hierozoicon. The learned reader may consult this work, and, while he gains much general information, will have to regret that he can apply so little of it to the main and grand question. As I have consulted every authority within my reach, on the subject of the clean and unclean animals mentioned in the law, and have detailed all the information I could collect in my notes on Leviticus 11, I must refer my readers to what I have there laid down.

Clarke: Deu 14:13 - The vulture after his kind

The vulture after his kind - The word דאה daah is improperly translated vulture Lev 11:14, and means a kite or glede. The word דיה daiyah in this verse is not only different from that in Leviticus, but means also a different animal, properly enough translated vulture. See the note on Lev 11:14.

Defender: Deu 14:3 - shalt not

See also Leviticus 11 on the dietary and sanitary laws enjoined upon Israel."

TSK: Deu 14:1 - the children // ye shall not

the children : Gen 6:2, Gen 6:4; Exo 4:22, Exo 4:23; Psa 82:6, Psa 82:7; Jer 3:19; Hos 1:10; Joh 1:12, Joh 11:52; Rom 8:16, Rom 9:8, Rom 9:26; 2Co 6:18; Gal 3:26; Heb 2:10; 1Jo 3:1, 1Jo 3:2, 1Jo 3:10, 1Jo 5:2

ye shall not : The heathen nations not only did these things in honour of their gods, but in grief for the death of a relative. Lev 19:27, Lev 19:28, Lev 21:5; Jer 16:6, Jer 41:5, Jer 47:5; 1Th 4:13

TSK: Deu 14:2

Deu 14:21, Deu 7:6, Deu 26:18, Deu 26:19, Deu 28:9; Exo 19:5, Exo 19:6; Lev 11:45, Lev 19:2, Lev 20:26; Isa 6:13; Isa 62:12; Eze 21:2; Dan 8:24, Dan 12:7; Tit 2:14; 1Pe 2:9

TSK: Deu 14:3

Lev 11:43, Lev 20:25; Isa 65:4; Eze 4:14; Act 10:12-14; Rom 14:14; 1Co 10:28; Tit 1:15

TSK: Deu 14:4

Lev 11:2-8; 1Ki 4:23

TSK: Deu 14:5 - the wild goat // pygarg // the wild ox

the wild goat : The word akko , according to the LXX and Vulgate, signifies the tragelephus , or goat-deer; so called from its resemblance to both species. Dr. Shaw states that an animal of this kind is found in the East, where it is called fishtull , and lerwee .

pygarg : or, bison. Heb. dishon . The pygarg , πυγαργος , or white-buttocks, according to the LXX; and Dr. Shaw states that the liamee , as the Africans call it, is exactly such an animal; being of the same shape and colour as the antelope, and of the size of a roebuck.

the wild ox : Theo , probably the oryx of the Greeks, a species of large stag; and the Bekkar el wash of Dr. Shaw. Deu 14:5

TSK: Deu 14:6

Psa 1:1, Psa 1:2; Pro 18:1; 2Co 6:17; On this verse remark, that the clean beast must both chew the cud and part the hoofcaps1 . tcaps0 wo distinct characteristics, or general signs, by which the possibility of error arising from the misinterpretation of names is obviated. When God directs, his commands are not of doubtful interpretation.

TSK: Deu 14:7

Mat 7:22, Mat 7:23, Mat 7:26; 2Ti 3:5; Tit 1:16; 2Pe 2:18-22

TSK: Deu 14:8 - the swine // touch

the swine : Isa 65:4, Isa 66:3, Isa 66:17; Luk 15:15, Luk 15:16; 2Pe 2:22

touch : Lev 11:26, Lev 11:27

TSK: Deu 14:9

Lev 11:9-12

TSK: Deu 14:12

Lev 11:13-19

TSK: Deu 14:13 - the glede

the glede : Raâh , probably the same as daâh , rendered vulture in Lev 11:14, where six of Dr. Kennicott’ s codices read some animal of the hawk or vulture kind: LXX γυπα , vulture. Deu 14:13

TSK: Deu 14:15 - the night // the cuckoo

Job 30:29

the night : Tachmas , probably the bird which Hasselquist calls strix orientalis , or oriental owl.

the cuckoo : Shachpaph , probably the sea-gull or mew.

TSK: Deu 14:16 - the swan

the swan : Tinshemeth , probably, as Michaelis supposes, the goose. Deu 14:16

TSK: Deu 14:17 - gier // the cormorant

gier : Rachamah , probably a species of vulture, still called in Arabic by the same name.

the cormorant : Shalach , probably the cataract, or plungeon, a sea fowl. Deu 14:17

TSK: Deu 14:18 - the lapwing

the lapwing : Doocheephath , the upupa , or hoop, a beautiful but very unclean bird. Deu 14:18

TSK: Deu 14:19

Lev 11:20-23; Phi 3:19

Tafsiran/Catatan -- Catatan Kata/Frasa (per Ayat)

Poole: Deu 14:1 - Of the Lord your God

Of the Lord your God whom therefore you must not disparage by unworthy or unbecoming practices, such as here follow, and whom you must not disobey. Ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes which were the practices of idolaters, both in the worship of their idols, as 1Ki 18:28 ; or in their funerals, as here, and Jer 16:6 ; or upon occasion of public calamities, as Jer 41:5 47:5 . See Poole "Lev 19:27" , See Poole "Lev 19:28" . See Poole "Lev 21:5" . For the dead through excessive sorrow for your dead friends, as if you had no hope of their happiness after death, 1Th 4:13 .

Poole: Deu 14:3

i.e. Unclean and forbidden by me, which therefore should be abominable to you.

Poole: Deu 14:4

Of which see Le 11 . The small differences between some of their names here and there are not proper for this work. The learned reader may find them cleared in my Latin Synopsis. For others, they may well enough want the knowledge of them, both because these are the smaller matters of the law, and because this distinction of clean and unclean beasts is now out of date.

Haydock: Deu 14:1 - Be ye // Cut // Dead

Be ye. Hebrew, "you are," &c. It may be connected with the preceding chapter. ---

Cut, as the barbarians and infidels do, who have no hope, 1 Thessalonians iv. 12., and Leviticus xix. 29. ---

Dead idols, Adonis, &c. The Arabs and Saracens cut the hair on the forepart of the head only, and so did the ancient Scotch monks, in imitation, as they pretended, of St. John. The Egyptians cut off the hair of their head and eye-brows when they were initiated in the mysteries of Isis, (St. Ambrose, ep. 58,) to testify that they partook in her sorrow for the death of her husband, Osiris. Hence it is probable that Moses forbids any conformity in such superstitious practices; particularly as the Israelites were consecrated to the service of the living God. (Calmet)

Haydock: Deu 14:3 - Unclean

Unclean. See the annotations on Leviticus xi. (Challoner) ---

Some of the beasts here specified were not mentioned before, as the buffle, &c.

Haydock: Deu 14:5 - Buffle // Chamois // Pygarg // Goat // Camelopardalus

Buffle. Hebrew yachmur, which some translate "the fallow-deer." The Arabs give this name to a beast resembling a hart, which has horns and red hair. (Calmet) ---

It was served up on the table of Solomon, 3 Kings iv. 23. Pliny ([Natural History?] viii. 13,) mentions the bubalus of Africa, which is like a calf. (Menochius) ---

Chamois, ( tragelaphum ) a beast which has the head of a he-goat, and the carcass of a hart. (Scaliger.) (Pliny, viii. 33.) ---

Bochart translates akko after the Arabic, "the wild goat." ---

Pygarg, another species of goat, (Pliny, viii. 53,) of the colour of ashes. (Bellon., q. 51.) Dishon means "ashes" in Hebrew. ---

Goat, ( orygem ) "a wild goat, (Septuagint; Bochart; &c.) or ox." Aristotle allows it only one horn. Juvenal mentions that the Getulians feasted on its flesh; and the Egyptian priests, according to Horus, were allowed to eat it, without any scrupulous examination of the sealers. (Calmet) ---

Camelopardalus. This animal resembles a camel in its head and longish neck, and the panther in the spotted skin. (Pliny, viii. 18.) ---

Bochart (iii. 21,) thinks that the Hebrew zamer, means "a wild goat," noted for "leaping."

Haydock: Deu 14:7 - Cherogril

Cherogril, or porcupine, Leviticus xi. 5. St. Barnabas and Clement of Alexandria (Pæd. ii. 10,) subjoin the hyena to the hare, though the name occur not in Moses. This animal was supposed to change sexes every year, and was a symbol of incontinency. (Menochius)

Haydock: Deu 14:10 - Unclean

Unclean. St. Barnabas adds, "Thou shalt not eat the murena, polypus, or cuttle fish;" and these are in effect of the description given by Moses. (Calmet)

Haydock: Deu 14:13 - Ringtail // Kite

Ringtail ( ixion ). Hebrew raa. The same bird seems to be called dae in Leviticus, by the change of the first letter, though it is there translated the kite. The ixion is a sort of white, quick-sighted vulture. ---

Kite. Hebrew diae, according to Bochart, means the vulture, as Isaias (xxxiv. 15,) insinuates that this bird goes in flocks, while the kite is a solitary bird.

Haydock: Deu 14:15 - Ostrich

Ostrich. Hebrew, "the daughter of the june. " The Rabbins say only the young ones were eaten. But this seems doubtful, with respect to many nations, which formerly served up ostriches at table. Heliogabalus presented some of these, as well as camel, to his guests, falsely asserting, (Calmet) that the Jews were commanded to eat them, præceptum Judæis ut ederent. (Lamprid.)

Haydock: Deu 14:19 - Wings

Wings. Hebrew, "every reptile that flieth," such as bees. (Calmet)

Gill: Deu 14:1 - Ye are the children of the Lord your God // ye shall not cut yourselves // nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead

Ye are the children of the Lord your God,.... Some of them were so by the special grace of adoption, and all of them by national adoption; which was the peculiar privilege of the people of Israel, and laid them under great obligation to honour and obey the Lord their God, who stood in the relation of a father to them, and they of children to him, Mal 1:6. The Targum of Jonathan paraphrases it "beloved children"; so the apostle calls the saints; the "dear children of God", who therefore ought to be followers of him, Eph 5:1 and for a like reason this relation is observed here, namely, to quicken a regard to the exhortations of the Lord, his cautions, commands, laws, and ordinances, particularly to what follows:

ye shall not cut yourselves; for the dead, as appears from the next clause, as the Heathens did, who not only tore their garments, but their flesh in several parts of their bodies, in their mouths, cheeks, breasts, &c. ^r; and used other extravagant signs of mourning, which the apostle cautions against, 1Th 4:13 and were condemned by the Heathens themselves ^s. Though some think this refers to incisions the Heathens made in their flesh to the honour of their gods, cutting the names of them therein to whom they devoted themselves; or lashing their bodies at the worship of them, as the worshippers of Baal did when they called upon him, 1Ki 18:28 and so the Jerusalem Targum,"make not marks, marks,''that is, here and there, in many places, or bruises black and blue by striping and beating themselves, for strange worship, or at it, in honour of their gods; but the former sense seems best to agree with what follows; see Lev 19:28,

nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead; by shaving the forepart of their head or their eyebrows, or both, which used to be done in lamentations for the dead; see Jer 16:6 if this could be thought to have any respect to rites and ceremonies used in the worship of dead and lifeless idols, the customs of the Egyptians might be referred to, who are said to shave their heads and their eyebrows in their sacred rites to Isis ^t.

Gill: Deu 14:2 - For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God // and the Lord hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people, above all the nations that are upon the earth

For thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God,.... Set apart by him from all other people, and devoted to his worship and service, and many of them were sanctified and made holy in a special and spiritual sense; and therefore should not conform to the customs of Gentiles, whether in their extravagant mourning for the dead, or in their religious services; see Deu 7:6,

and the Lord hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people, above all the nations that are upon the earth; to be his peculiar treasure, to be his peculiar servants and worshippers, to enjoy peculiar blessings and privileges, and behave in a peculiar manner different from all other people; and have no connection with them, especially in things sacred; and, in order to keep them a distinct peculiar people from all others, a peculiar diet was appointed them, that so being prohibited to eat such things as others did, they might be kept out of their company and conversation, and so from being drawn into their idolatrous practices; the rules concerning which follow; see Deu 7:6.

Gill: Deu 14:3 - Thou shall not eat any abominable thing.

Thou shall not eat any abominable thing. That is so either in its own nature, or because forbidden by the Lord; what are such are declared in the following verses.

Gill: Deu 14:4 - These are the beasts which they shall eat // the ox, the sheep, and the goat

These are the beasts which they shall eat,.... That is, which they might lawfully eat of, which were allowed for their food; for they were not obliged to eat of them if they did not choose it:

the ox, the sheep, and the goat; which were creatures used in sacrifice, and the only ones, yet nevertheless they might be used for food if chosen.

Gill: Deu 14:5 - The hart, the roebuck, and the fallow deer // and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois

The hart, the roebuck, and the fallow deer,.... All of the deer kind, and very agreeable food; harts were very common in the land of Canaan and parts adjacent; Aelianus says ^u harts are bred in the great mountains in Syria, Amanus, Lebanon, and Carmel: the roebuck, or "dorcas", from whence a good woman had her name, Act 9:36 is spoken of by Martial ^w as very delicious food, and so are fallow deer; the word "jachmur", here used, having the signification of redness in it, may be used for that sort which are called red deer: it is observed that in the Arabic language it is used for an animal with two horns, living in the woods, not unlike an hart, but swifter than that; and it is asked, is it not the "aloe" or "elch" ^x?

and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois; the wild goat is reckoned by Pliny ^y among the half wild creatures in Africa; according to the philosopher ^z there are none but in Syria, on which Canaan bordered, and were very remarkable ones, having ears a span and nine inches long, and some reached to the ground. The Hebrew name for this creature is "akko"; and there is a fourfooted wild beast, by the Tartarians called "akkyk", and by the Turks "akoim", and which with the Scythians and Sarmatians are to be met with in flocks; it is between a hart and a ram, its body whitish, and the flesh exceeding sweet ^a; it seems to be the same with the "tragelaphus", of which there were in Arabia, as Diodorus Siculus ^b says; the next is the "pygarg", which we so render from the Septuagint and Vulgate Latin versions, or white buttocks, so called from the hinder part of it being white; a species of the eagle with a white tail is called a "pygarg", but here a four footed animal is meant; and which is mentioned as such, along with hinds, does, and goats, by Herodotus ^c, Aelian ^d, and Pliny ^e: it has its name "dishon", in Hebrew, from its ash colour, and the "tragelaphus", or goat deer, has part of its back ash coloured, and has ash coloured spots or streaks on its sides ^f: some take it to be the "strepsiceros", a kind of buck or goat with writhed horns, which the Africans, as Pliny says ^g, call "addaca", which is thought by some to be a corruption of "al-dashen", so Junius; the Targum of Jonathan takes it for the "unicorn" or "rhinoceros"; and the Talmudists say ^h that the unicorn, though it has but one horn, is free, i.e. lawful to be eaten: the "wild ox" was common in Arabia; Strabo ⁱ speaks of multitudes of wild oxen in some parts of Arabia, on the flesh of which and other animals the Arabians live; in the Septuagint version it is called the "oryx", which is a creature that has but one horn, and divides the hoof ^k, and so might be eaten; See Gill on Isa 51:20, the last, the "chamois", has a French name, and is a creature of the goat kind, from whose skin the chamois leather is made; in the figure of its body it seems to approach very much to the stag kind ^l; perhaps it is the same with the "cemas" of Aelian ^m, mentioned by him along with roebucks. Some take it to be the "tarandus", of which Pliny says ⁿ it is of the size of an ox, has a head bigger than a hart, and not unlike it; its horns are branched, hoofs cloven, and is hairy like a bear. In the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan this is the "pygarg"; these several sorts of beasts were allowed to be eaten; the three first there is no difficulty about them, but the other seven it is hard to determine what they are, at least some of them. Dr. Shaw ^o thinks that the deer, the antelope, the wild bear, the goat deer, the white buttocks, the buffalo, and jeraffa, may lay in the best claim to the "ailee", "tzebi", "yachmur", "akkub", "dishon", "thau", and "zomer", here.

Gill: Deu 14:6-8 - And every beast that parted the hoof

And every beast that parted the hoof,.... In this and the two following verses two general rules are given, by which it might be known what beasts were fit for food and what not; one is if they parted the hoof, and the other if they chewed the cud, such might be eaten; but such that only chewed the cud, but did not divide the hoof, as the camel, hare, and coney, might not be eaten; and so if they divided the hoof, and did not chew the cud, as the swine, they were alike unlawful; See Gill on Lev 11:3; see Gill on Lev 11:4; see Gill on Lev 11:5; see Gill on Lev 11:6; see Gill on Lev 11:7; see Gill on Lev 11:8.

Gill: Deu 14:9-10 - These ye shall eat of, all that are in the waters

These ye shall eat of, all that are in the waters,.... The fishes there, even such as have fins and scales, but they that have not were not to be eaten: See Gill on Lev 11:9, Lev 11:10, Lev 11:11, Lev 11:12.

Gill: Deu 14:11 - Of all clean birds ye shall eat.

Of all clean birds ye shall eat. Which the Targum of Jonathan describes, everyone that has a craw, and whose crop is naked, and has a superfluous talon, and is not rapacious; but such as are unclean are expressed by name in the following verses, so that all except them might be reckoned clean and fit for food. Maimonides ^p observes, that only the number of the unclean are reckoned, so that all the rest are free.

Gill: Deu 14:12-18 - But these are they of which they shall not eat

But these are they of which they shall not eat,.... Jarchi observes, that the unclean birds are particularly mentioned, to teach that the clean sort are more than the unclean, and therefore the particulars of the fewest are given: these are all the same names as in Lev 11:13, excepting one, "the glede", Deu 14:13 which is a kind of kite or puttock; the Jerusalem Targum renders it the vulture, and the Targum of Jonathan the white "dayetha" or vulture; and Aristotle says ^q there are two sorts of vultures, the one small and whiter, the other larger and of many forms or colours; in Hebrew its name here is "raah", and is thought to be the same with "daah" in Lev 11:14 there translated the "vulture", which has its name there from flying, and here from seeing, for which it is remarkable; see Job 28:7 and the letters ד and ר are pretty much alike, and are sometimes changed, but there is another here, in Deu 14:13 mentioned, the "dayah", which is not mentioned in Lev 11:1, though some think it the same with the "ayah", rendered both here and there the "kite"; perhaps it means another sort of vulture, the black vulture, as the Targum of Jonathan.

Gill: Deu 14:19 - And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean

And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean,.... Which the Targum of Jonathan thus paraphrases;"all flies and wasps (or hornets), and worms of lentiles and of beans, which are separated from food, and fly as birds, they are unclean;''See Gill on Lev 11:20; see Gill on Lev 11:21.

Gill: Deu 14:20 - But of all clean fowls ye may eat.

But of all clean fowls ye may eat. Even of all fowls, but those before excepted; Aben Ezra instances in the locust, as being a clean fowl, that might be eaten; and so the Targum of Jonathan is"every clean locust ye may eat;''see Lev 11:22.