Teks -- Isaiah 28:28 (NET)

28:28 Grain is crushed, though one certainly does not thresh it forever. The wheel of one’s wagon rolls over it, but his horses do not crush it.

Tafsiran/Catatan -- Catatan Kata/Frasa (per frasa)

Wesley: Isa 28:28 - Bruised

With a threshing instrument.

Wesley: Isa 28:28 - Break it

Understand, forever.

Wesley: Isa 28:28 - Horses

This was another way of threshing out the corn, by driving horses, or other cattle, over the sheaves to tread it.

JFB: Isa 28:28 - Bread corn

Corn of which bread is made.

JFB: Isa 28:28 - bruised

Threshed with the corn-drag (as contrasted with dill and cummin, "beaten with the staff"), or, "trodden out" by the hoofs of cattle driven over it on the threshing-floor [G. V. SMITH], (Deu 25:4; Mic 4:13).

JFB: Isa 28:28 - because

Rather, "but" [HORSLEY]; though the corn is threshed with the heavy instrument, yet he will not always be thus threshing it.

JFB: Isa 28:28 - break it

"drive over it (continually) the wheel" [MAURER].

JFB: Isa 28:28 - cart

Threshing-drag.

JFB: Isa 28:28 - horsemen

Rather, "horses"; used to tread out corn.

Clarke: Isa 28:27-28

Four methods of threshing are here mentioned, by different instruments; the flail, the drag, the wain, and the treading of the cattle. The staff or flail was used for the infirmiora semina , says Jerome, the grain that was too tender to be treated in the other methods. The drag consisted of a sort of strong planks, made rough at the bottom, with hard stones or iron; it was drawn by horses or oxen over the corn sheaves spread on the floor, the driver sitting upon it. Kempfer has given a print representing the manner of using this instrument, Amaen. Exot. p. 682, fig. 3. The wain was much like the former; but had wheels with iron teeth, or edges like a saw: Ferrata carpenta rotis per medium in serrarum modum se volventibus . Hieron. in loc. From this it would seem that the axle was armed with iron teeth or serrated wheels throughout. See a description and print of such a machine used at present in Egypt for the same purpose in Niebuhr’ s Voyage en Arabie, Tab. 17 p. 123; it moves upon three rollers armed with iron teeth or wheels to cut the straw. In Syria they make use of the drag, constructed in the very same manner as above described; Niebuhr, Description de l’ Arabie, p. 140. This not only forced out the grain, but cut the straw in pieces for fodder for the cattle; for in the eastern countries they have no hay. See Harmer’ s Observ. 1 p. 425. The last method is well known from the law of Moses, which "forbids the ox to be muzzled, when he treadeth out the corn;"Deu 25:4.

Clarke: Isa 28:28 - The bread-corn

The bread-corn - I read ולהם velahem , on the authority of the Vulgate and Symmachus; the former expresses the conjunction ו vau , omitted in the text, by autem ; the latter by δε

Bruise it with his horsemen "Bruise it with the hoofs of his cattle"- For פרשיו parashaiv , horsemen or teeth, read פרסיו perasaiv , hoofs. So the Syriac, Syrnmachus, Theodotion, and the Vulgate. The first is read with ש shin , the latter with ס samech , the pronunciation is nearly the same.

TSK: Isa 28:28 - Bread // the wheel

Bread : Isa 21:10; Amo 9:9; Mat 3:12, Mat 13:37-43; Luk 22:31, Luk 22:32; Joh 12:24; 1Co 3:9; 1Co 9:9, 1Co 9:10

the wheel : Isa 28:27

Tafsiran/Catatan -- Catatan Kata/Frasa (per Ayat)

Poole: Isa 28:28 - Bread corn is bruised // Because // Nor break it // With his horsemen

Bread corn is bruised with a threshing instrument, by comparing this with the foregoing verse and the following words.

Because or rather, but , or nevertheless , as the word is frequently used. The sense is, The husbandman doth indeed thresh the bread corn, but he doth it with moderation, and only for a time, not for ever.

Nor break it understand, for ever , out of the foregoing clause, as is usual in Scripture.

With his horsemen which governed the horse or horses that drew the threshing instrument. Or, with horses ; for it is evident, and hath been observed before, that this Hebrew word signifies horses as well as horsemen . And this was another way of threshing out the corn, by driving horses, or other cattle, over the sheaves to tread it out; of which see Deu 25:4 Mic 4:13 .

Haydock: Isa 28:28 - But

But. Septuagint, "it shall be eaten with bread. For I will not be angry with you for ever, nor shall the sounds of my bitter wrath trample upon you." (Haydock)

Gill: Isa 28:28 - Bread corn is bruised // because he will not always be threshing it // nor break it with the wheel of his cart, nor bruise it with his horsemen

Bread corn is bruised,.... The corn which bread is made of is bruised and ground in a mill:

because he will not always be threshing it; for there is another way of bringing it to flour, that so it may be made bread, namely, by grinding it in a mill; and therefore the husbandman uses his discretion in threshing it; he will not thresh it too much, nor too long, no more than what is necessary to get out the grain, but will take care that he does not bruise and break it; as follows:

nor break it with the wheel of his cart, nor bruise it with his horsemen; though he makes use of the above threshing instrument, drawn upon wheels by horses, or oxen, for the threshing out of wheat, barley, or rye, corn of which bread is made; yet he takes care that it is not crushed and spoiled by the wheels of the cart, or the feet of the horses, or oxen, going too often over it; by all which may be signified the tender regard of God in afflicting his own people; he will not always be chiding, striving, and contending with them, or be always angry, and ever afflicting, and, when he does afflict, it is in a tender and careful manner, Psa 103:9.