Teks -- Galatians 5:19 (NET)

5:19 Now the works of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, depravity,

Tafsiran/Catatan -- Catatan Kata/Frasa (per frasa)

Robertson: Gal 5:19 - Manifest

Manifest ( phanera ).

Opposed to "hidden"(krupta ). Ancient writers were fond of lists of vices and virtues. Cf. Stalker’ s sermons on The Seven Cardinal Virtues and The Seven Deadly Sins. There are more than seven in this deadly list in Gal 5:19-21. He makes the two lists in explanation of the conflict in Gal 5:17 to emphasize the command in Gal 5:13. There are four groups in Paul’ s list of manifest vices:

Robertson: Gal 5:19 - (1)    Sensual sins like fornication (porneia , prostitution, harlotry), uncleanness (akatharsia , moral impurity), lasciviousness (aselgeia , wantonness), sexual vice of all kinds prevailed in heathenism. @@(2)    Idolatry (eidōlatreia , worship of idols) and witchcraft (pharmakeia from pharmakon , a drug, the ministering of drugs), but the sorcerers monopolized the word for a while in their magical arts and used it in connection with idolatry. In N.T. only here and Rev 18:23. See note on Act 19:19 perierga , curious arts. @@(3)    Personal relations expressed by eight words, all old words, sins of the spirit, like enmities (exthrai , personal animosities), strife (eris , rivalry, discord), jealousies (zēlos or zēloi , MSS. vary, our very word), wraths (thumoi , stirring emotions, then explosions), factions (eritheiai , from erithos , day labourer for hire, worker in wool, party spirit), divisions (dichostasiai , splits in two, dicha and stasis ), heresies (haireseis , the very word, but really choosings from haireomai , preferences), envyings (phthonoi , feelings of ill-will). Surely a lively list. @@(4)    Drunkenness (methai , old word and plural, drunken excesses, in N.T. only here and Luk 21:34; Rom 13:13), revellings (kōmoi , old word also for drinking parties like those in honour of Bacchus, in N.T. only here and Rom 13:13; 1Pe 4:3). @@And such like

(1)    Sensual sins like fornication (porneia , prostitution, harlotry), uncleanness (akatharsia , moral impurity), lasciviousness (aselgeia , wantonness), sexual vice of all kinds prevailed in heathenism. @@(2)    Idolatry (eidōlatreia , worship of idols) and witchcraft (pharmakeia from pharmakon , a drug, the ministering of drugs), but the sorcerers monopolized the word for a while in their magical arts and used it in connection with idolatry. In N.T. only here and Rev 18:23. See note on Act 19:19 perierga , curious arts. @@(3)    Personal relations expressed by eight words, all old words, sins of the spirit, like enmities (exthrai , personal animosities), strife (eris , rivalry, discord), jealousies (zēlos or zēloi , MSS. vary, our very word), wraths (thumoi , stirring emotions, then explosions), factions (eritheiai , from erithos , day labourer for hire, worker in wool, party spirit), divisions (dichostasiai , splits in two, dicha and stasis ), heresies (haireseis , the very word, but really choosings from haireomai , preferences), envyings (phthonoi , feelings of ill-will). Surely a lively list. @@(4)    Drunkenness (methai , old word and plural, drunken excesses, in N.T. only here and Luk 21:34; Rom 13:13), revellings (kōmoi , old word also for drinking parties like those in honour of Bacchus, in N.T. only here and Rom 13:13; 1Pe 4:3). @@And such like ( kai ta homoia toutois ).

And the things like these (associative instrumental toutois after homoia , like). It is not meant to be exhaustive, but it is representative.

Vincent: Gal 5:19 - Manifest

Manifest

You have a clearly defined standard by which to decide whether you are led by the Spirit or by the flesh. Each exhibits its peculiar works or fruits.

Vincent: Gal 5:19 - Adultery

Adultery ( μοιχεία )

To be dropped from the text.

Vincent: Gal 5:19 - Uncleanness

Uncleanness ( ἀκαθαρσία )

See on 1Th 2:3.

Vincent: Gal 5:19 - Lasciviousness

Lasciviousness ( ἀσελγεια )

See on Mar 7:22.

Wesley: Gal 5:19 - Now the works of the flesh

By which that inward principle is discovered.

Wesley: Gal 5:19 - Are manifest

Plain and undeniable. Works are mentioned in the plural because they are distinct from, and often inconsistent with, each other. But "the fruit of the Spirit" is mentioned in the singular, Gal 5:22, as being all consistent and connected together.

Wesley: Gal 5:19 - Which are these

He enumerates those "works of the flesh" to which the Galatians were most inclined; and those parts of "the fruit of the Spirit" of which they stood in the greatest need.

Wesley: Gal 5:19 - Lasciviousness

The Greek word means anything inward or outward that is contrary to chastity, and yet short of actual uncleanness.

JFB: Gal 5:19-23

Confirming Gal 5:18, by showing the contrariety between the works of the flesh and the fruit of the Spirit.

JFB: Gal 5:19-23 - manifest

The hidden fleshly principle betrays itself palpably by its works, so that these are not hard to discover, and leave no doubt that they come not from the Spirit.

JFB: Gal 5:19-23 - which are these

Greek, "such as," for instance.

JFB: Gal 5:19-23 - Adultery

Omitted in the oldest manuscripts.

JFB: Gal 5:19-23 - lasciviousness

Rather, "wantonness" petulance, capricious insolence; it may display itself in "lasciviousness," but not necessarily or constantly so (Mar 7:21-22, where it is not associated with fleshly lusts) [TRENCH]. "Works" (in the plural) are attributed to the "flesh," because they are divided, and often at variance with one another, and even when taken each one by itself, betray their fleshly origin. But the "fruit of the Spirit" (Gal 5:23) is singular, because, however manifold the results, they form one harmonious whole. The results of the flesh are not dignified by the name "fruit"; they are but works (Eph 5:9, Eph 5:11). He enumerates those fleshly "works" (committed against our neighbor, against God, and against ourselves) to which the Galatians were most prone (the Celts have always been prone to disputations and internal strifes): and those manifestations of the fruit of the Spirit most needed by them (Gal 5:13, Gal 5:15). This passage shows that "the flesh" does not mean merely sensuality, as opposed to spirituality: for "divisions" in the catalogue here do not flow from sensuality. The identification of "the natural (Greek, 'animal-souled') man," with the "carnal" or fleshly man (1Co 2:14), shows that "the flesh" expresses human nature as estranged from God. TRENCH observes, as a proof of our fallen state, how much richer is every vocabulary in words for sins, than in those for graces. Paul enumerates seventeen "works of the flesh," only nine manifestations of "the fruit of the Spirit" (compare Eph 4:31).

Clarke: Gal 5:19 - Now the works of the flesh are manifest

Now the works of the flesh are manifest - By flesh we are to understand the evil and fallen state of the soul, no longer under the guidance of God’ s Spirit and right reason, but under the animal passions; and they are even rendered more irregular and turbulent by the influence of sin; so that man is in a worse state than the brute: and so all-commanding is this evil nature that it leads men into all kinds of crimes; and among them the following, which are manifest - known to all, and most prevalent; and, though these are most solemnly forbidden by your law, the observance of its ordinances gives no power to overcome them, and provides no pardon for the guilt and condemnation produced by them

Clarke: Gal 5:19 - Adultery

Adultery - Μοιχεια· Illicit connection with a married person. This word is wanting in this place in the best MSS., versions, and fathers; the next term often comprehending both

Clarke: Gal 5:19 - Fornication

Fornication - Πορνεια· Illicit connection between single or unmarried persons; yet often signifying adultery also

Clarke: Gal 5:19 - Uncleanness

Uncleanness - Ακαθαπσια· Whatever is opposite to purity; probably meaning here, as in Rom 1:24; 2Co 12:21, unnatural practices; sodomy, bestiality

Clarke: Gal 5:19 - Lasciviousness

Lasciviousness - Ασελγεια· Whatever is contrary to chastity; all lewdness.

Calvin: Gal 5:19 - Now the works of the flesh are manifest

19.Now the works of the flesh are manifest. To obey the spirit and to oppose the flesh, are two great objects which have been set before Christians, and for the attainment of which they have been urged to make the most strenuous exertions. In accordance with these views, he now draws a picture both of the flesh and of the spirit. If men knew themselves, they would not need this inspired declaration, for they are nothing but flesh; but such is the hypocrisy belonging to our natural state, we never perceive our depravity till the tree has been fully made known by its fruits. (Mat 7:16; Luk 6:44.)

The apostle therefore now points out to us those sins against which we must fight, in order that we may not live according to the flesh. He does not indeed enumerate them all, and so he himself states at the conclusion of the list; but from those brought forward, the character of the remainder may be easily ascertained. Adultery and fornication are placed first, and next follows uncleanness, which extends to every species of unchastity. Lasciviousness appears to be a subsidiary term, for the Greek wordασέλγεια, which is thus translated, is applied to those who lead wanton and dissolute lives. These four denote sins forbidden by the seventh commandment. The next mentioned is idolatry, which is here employed as a general term for services grossly superstitious and openly practiced.

Seven classes which immediately follow, are closely allied, and another two are afterwards added. Anger and hatred differ chiefly in this, that anger is short, and hatred is lasting. Emulations and envyings are the occasions of hatred; and the following distinction between them is stated by Aristotle, in his second book on Rhetoric: — He who emulates is grieved that another should excel him, not because the virtue or worth of that person, in itself considered, gives him uneasiness, but because he would wish to be superior. The envious man has no desire to excel, but is grieved at the excellence of other men. None, therefore, he tells us, but low and mean persons indulge in envy, while emulation dwells in lofty and heroic minds. Paul declares both to be diseases of the flesh. From anger and hatred arise variance, strife, seditions; and he even traces the consequences so far as to mention murders and witchcraft ⁹⁰ By revellings, ⁹¹ he means a dissolute life, and every kind of intemperance in the gratification of the palate. It deserves notice, that heresies are enumerated among the works of the flesh; for it shows clearly that the word flesh is not confined, as the sophists imagine, to sensuality. What produces heresies but ambition, which deals not with the lower senses, but with the highest faculties of the mind? He says that these works are manifest, so that no man may think that he will gain anything by evading the question; ⁹² for what avails it to deny that the flesh reigns in us, if the fruit betrays the quality of the tree?

Defender: Gal 5:19 - these

The apostle here lists seventeen typical sins of the "flesh." The list is typical, not exhaustive, as he adds the phrase "and the like" to cover the rest. These include sexual sins, religious sins, moral sins, violent sins, mental sins - everything which violates the laws of God and man. It seems anomalous that teaching that salvation depends on obedience to the works of the law would actually lead to law-breaking, but it often does just that. Our sinful human nature somehow makes that which is prohibited more desirable."

TSK: Gal 5:19 - the works // Adultery

the works : Gal 5:13, Gal 5:17, Gal 6:8; Psa 17:4; Joh 3:6; Rom 7:5, Rom 7:18, Rom 7:25, Rom 8:3, Rom 8:5, Rom 8:9, Rom 8:13; 1Co 3:3; 1Pe 4:2

Adultery : Eze 22:6-13; Mat 15:18, Mat 15:19; Mar 7:21-23; Rom 1:21-32; 1Co 6:9, 1Co 6:10; 2Co 12:20,2Co 12:21; Eph 4:17-19, Eph 5:3-6; Col 3:5-8; 1Ti 1:9, 1Ti 1:10; Tit 3:3; Jam 3:14, Jam 3:15; 1Pe 4:3, 1Pe 4:4; Rev 21:8, Rev 22:15

Tafsiran/Catatan -- Catatan Kata/Frasa (per Ayat)

Poole: Gal 5:19 - The works of the flesh // Are manifest, which are these

The works of the flesh the products of the natural inclinations and propensions in the heart of man.

Are manifest, which are these he saith, these are manifest, the filthiness of them appears by the light of nature, by the checks of conscience men meet with for them; or else, it is manifest that these actions are not from the Spirit of God, (because of their contrariety to the Divine rule), but are from the corrupt part of man. These (he saith) are adultery, or the defiling of our neighbour’ s bed; fornication, which is the uncleanness of single persons each with other; and all other species of uncleanness, or unclean conjunctions: lasciviousness; whatsoever wanton carriage, gestures, or behaviour lead to these acts.

Gill: Gal 5:19 - Now the works of the flesh are manifest // which are these // adultery // fornication // uncleanness // sodomy // lasciviousness

Now the works of the flesh are manifest,.... By "flesh" is meant corrupt nature, as before, and by the works of it, not only external acts of sin, but inward lusts; for such are here mentioned among its works, as "hatred", "wrath", "envyings", &c. and both external and internal acts are so called, because they spring from the flesh, or corrupt nature, and are what that urges and solicits to, and are wrought thereby, and are what denominate and show men to be carnal: these are said to be "manifest"; not that they are all, and always publicly done, and are open to the sight of men; for they are works of darkness, and often done in secret, though they are always manifest to God the searcher of hearts, and will be brought to light in the day of judgment; but they are known to be sins in some measure by the light of nature, and especially by the law of God; and a clear case it is, that they are contrary to the Spirit, both to the Spirit of God, and to the principle of grace he forms in the heart; and that such who live in the commission of them are not led by him, nor are under the influence of his grace:

which are these; though all are not mentioned, only some of the chief, by which judgment may be made of the rest:

adultery; this is left out in the Vulgate Latin, Syriac, and Ethiopic versions, and in the Alexandrian copy; it is a defilement of the marriage bed, and is the sin of uncleanness committed by two persons, one of which at least is in a married state, is condemned by the law of God and light of nature:

fornication; which though by many of the Gentiles was reckoned no sin, or a very small one, stands here among the works of the flesh, that are manifest and to be avoided; it is the sin of uncleanness committed by persons in a single state;

uncleanness, it is a general name for all unchastity, in thought, word, or action; and may here design more especially all unnatural lusts, as

sodomy, self-pollution, &c.

lasciviousness; or wantonness, all lustful dalliance, everything that leads on to acts of uncleanness, or attends them, as impure words, filthy gestures, and the like.