Boks TemuanLeviticus 23:10-11
Konteks23:10 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When you enter the land that I am about to give to you and you gather in its harvest, 1 then you must bring the sheaf of the first portion of your harvest 2 to the priest, 23:11 and he must wave the sheaf before the Lord to be accepted for your benefit 3 – on the day after the Sabbath the priest is to wave it. 4
Leviticus 17:1-16
Konteks17:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 17:2 “Speak to Aaron, his sons, and all the Israelites, and tell them: ‘This is the word that the Lord has commanded: 17:3 “Blood guilt 5 will be accounted to any man 6 from the house of Israel 7 who slaughters an ox or a lamb or a goat inside the camp or outside the camp, 8 17:4 but has not brought it to the entrance of the Meeting Tent 9 to present it as 10 an offering to the Lord before the tabernacle of the Lord. He has shed blood, so that man will be cut off from the midst of his people. 11 17:5 This is so that 12 the Israelites will bring their sacrifices that they are sacrificing in the open field 13 to the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent to the priest and sacrifice them there as peace offering sacrifices to the Lord. 17:6 The priest is to splash 14 the blood on the altar 15 of the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, and offer the fat up in smoke for a soothing aroma to the Lord. 17:7 So they must no longer offer 16 their sacrifices to the goat demons, 17 acting like prostitutes by going after them. 18 This is to be a perpetual statute for them throughout their generations. 19
17:8 “You are to say to them: ‘Any man 20 from the house of Israel or 21 from the foreigners who reside 22 in their 23 midst, who offers 24 a burnt offering or a sacrifice 17:9 but does not bring it to the entrance of the Meeting Tent to offer it 25 to the Lord – that person will be cut off from his people. 26
17:10 “‘Any man 27 from the house of Israel or from the foreigners who reside 28 in their 29 midst who eats any blood, I will set my face against that person who eats the blood, and I will cut him off from the midst of his people, 30 17:11 for the life of every living thing 31 is in the blood. 32 So I myself have assigned it to you 33 on the altar to make atonement for your lives, for the blood makes atonement by means of the life. 34 17:12 Therefore, I have said to the Israelites: No person among you is to eat blood, 35 and no resident foreigner who lives among you is to eat blood. 36
17:13 “‘Any man from the Israelites 37 or from the foreigners who reside 38 in their 39 midst who hunts a wild animal 40 or a bird that may be eaten 41 must pour out its blood and cover it with soil, 17:14 for the life of all flesh is its blood. 42 So I have said to the Israelites: You must not eat the blood of any living thing 43 because the life of every living thing is its blood – all who eat it will be cut off. 44
17:15 “‘Any person 45 who eats an animal that has died of natural causes 46 or an animal torn by beasts, whether a native citizen or a foreigner, 47 must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening; then he becomes clean. 17:16 But if he does not wash his clothes 48 and does not bathe his body, he will bear his punishment for iniquity.’” 49
Leviticus 20:1-27
Konteks20:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 20:2 “You are to say to the Israelites, ‘Any man from the Israelites or from the foreigners who reside in Israel 50 who gives any of his children 51 to Molech 52 must be put to death; the people of the land must pelt him with stones. 53 20:3 I myself will set my face 54 against that man and cut him off from the midst of his people, 55 because he has given some of his children to Molech and thereby defiled my sanctuary and profaned my holy name. 56 20:4 If, however, the people of the land shut their eyes 57 to that man 58 when he gives some of his children to Molech so that they do not put him to death, 20:5 I myself will set my face against that man and his clan. I will cut off from the midst of their people both him and all who follow after him in spiritual prostitution, 59 to commit prostitution by worshiping Molech. 60
20:6 “‘The person who turns to the spirits of the dead and familiar spirits 62 to commit prostitution by going after them, I will set my face 63 against that person and cut him off from the midst of his people.
20:7 “‘You must sanctify yourselves and be holy, because I am the Lord your God. 20:8 You must be sure to obey my statutes. 64 I am the Lord who sanctifies you.
20:9 “‘If anyone 66 curses his father and mother 67 he must be put to death. He has cursed his father and mother; his blood guilt is on himself. 68 20:10 If a man 69 commits adultery with his neighbor’s wife, 70 both the adulterer and the adulteress must be put to death. 20:11 If a man has sexual intercourse with his father’s wife, he has exposed his father’s nakedness. 71 Both of them must be put to death; their blood guilt is on themselves. 72 20:12 If a man has sexual intercourse with his daughter-in-law, both of them must be put to death. They have committed perversion; 73 their blood guilt is on themselves. 20:13 If a man has sexual intercourse with a male as one has sexual intercourse with a woman, 74 the two of them have committed an abomination. They must be put to death; their blood guilt is on themselves. 20:14 If a man has sexual intercourse with both a woman and her mother, 75 it is lewdness. 76 Both he and they must be burned to death, 77 so there is no lewdness in your midst. 20:15 If a man has sexual intercourse 78 with any animal, he must be put to death, and you must kill the animal. 20:16 If a woman approaches any animal to have sexual intercourse with it, 79 you must kill the woman, and the animal must be put to death; their blood guilt is on themselves.
20:17 “‘If a man has sexual intercourse with 80 his sister, whether the daughter of his father or his mother, so that he sees her nakedness and she sees his nakedness, it is a disgrace. They must be cut off in the sight of the children of their people. 81 He has exposed his sister’s nakedness; he will bear his punishment for iniquity. 82 20:18 If a man has sexual intercourse with a menstruating woman and uncovers her nakedness, he has laid bare her fountain of blood and she has exposed the fountain of her blood, so both of them 83 must be cut off from the midst of their people. 20:19 You must not expose the nakedness of your mother’s sister and your father’s sister, for such a person has laid bare his own close relative. 84 They must bear their punishment for iniquity. 85 20:20 If a man has sexual intercourse with his aunt, he has exposed his uncle’s nakedness; they must bear responsibility for their sin, they will die childless. 20:21 If a man has sexual intercourse with 86 his brother’s wife, it is indecency. He has exposed his brother’s nakedness; 87 they will be childless.
20:22 “‘You must be sure to obey all my statutes and regulations, 88 so that 89 the land to which I am about to bring you to take up residence there does not vomit you out. 20:23 You must not walk in the statutes of the nation 90 which I am about to drive out before you, because they have done all these things and I am filled with disgust against them. 20:24 So I have said to you: You yourselves will possess their land and I myself will give it to you for a possession, a land flowing with milk and honey. I am the Lord your God who has set you apart from the other peoples. 91 20:25 Therefore you must distinguish 92 between the clean animal and the unclean, and between the unclean bird and the clean, and you must not make yourselves detestable by means of an animal or bird or anything that creeps on the ground – creatures 93 I have distinguished for you as unclean. 94 20:26 You must be holy to me because I, the Lord, am holy, and I have set you apart from the other peoples to be mine.
20:27 “‘A man or woman who 95 has in them a spirit of the dead or a familiar spirit 96 must be put to death. They must pelt them with stones; 97 their blood guilt is on themselves.’”
[23:10] 1 tn Heb “and you harvest its harvest.”
[23:10] 2 tn Heb “the sheaf of the first of your harvest.”
[23:11] 3 tn Heb “for your acceptance.”
[23:11] 4 sn See Lev 7:30 for a note on the “waving” of a “wave offering.”
[17:3] 5 tn The complex wording of vv. 3-4 requires stating “blood guilt” at the beginning of v. 3 even though it is not mentioned until the middle of v. 4. The Hebrew text has simply “blood,” but in this case it refers to the illegitimate shedding of animal blood, similar to the shedding of the blood of an innocent human being (Deut 19:10, etc.). In order for it to be legitimate the animal must be slaughtered at the tabernacle and its blood handled by the priests in the prescribed way (see, e.g., Lev 1:5; 3:2, 17; 4:5-7; 7:26-27, etc.; cf. vv. 10-16 below for more details).
[17:3] 6 tn Heb “Man man.” The reduplication is way of saying “any man” (cf. Lev 15:2; 22:18, etc.). See the note on Lev 15:2.
[17:3] 7 tn The original LXX adds “or the sojourners who sojourn in your midst” (cf. Lev 16:29, etc., and note esp. 17:8, 10, and 13 below).
[17:3] 8 tn Heb “or who slaughters from outside to the camp.”
[17:4] 9 tn Smr and LXX add after “tent of meeting” the following: “to make it a burnt offering or a peace offering to the
[17:4] 10 tc Smr includes the suffix “it,” which is needed in any case in the translation to conform to English style.
[17:4] 11 sn The exact meaning of this penalty clause is not certain. It could mean (1) that he will be executed, whether by God or by man, (2) that he will be excommunicated from sanctuary worship and/or community benefits, or (3) that his line will be terminated by God (i.e., extirpation). See also the note on Lev 7:20.
[17:5] 12 tn Heb “So that which.”
[17:5] 13 tn Heb “on the faces of the field.”
[17:6] 14 tn For the translation “splash” see the note on Lev 1:5.
[17:6] 15 tn The LXX adds “all around” (i.e., Hebrew סָבִיב [saviv, “all around”]), which is normal for this overall construction (see, e.g., Lev 1:5; 3:8, etc.).
[17:7] 16 tn Heb “sacrifice.” This has been translated as “offer” for stylistic reasons to avoid the redundancy of “sacrifice their sacrifices.”
[17:7] 17 tn On “goat demons” of the desert regions see the note on Lev 16:8.
[17:7] 18 tn Heb “which they are committing harlotry after them.”
[17:7] 19 tn Heb “for your generations.”
[17:8] 20 tn Heb “Man, man.” The repetition of the word “man” is distributive, meaning “any [or “every”] man” (GKC 395-96 §123.c; cf. Lev 15:2).
[17:8] 21 tn Heb “and.” Here the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) has an alternative sense (“or”).
[17:8] 22 tn Heb “from the sojourner who sojourns.”
[17:8] 23 tc The LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate have “your” (plural) rather than “their.”
[17:8] 24 tn Heb “causes to go up.”
[17:9] 25 tn Heb “to make it,” meaning “to make the sacrifice.”
[17:9] 26 tn For remarks on the “cut off” penalty see the note on v. 4 above.
[17:10] 27 tn Heb “And man, man.” The repetition of the word “man” is distributive, meaning “any (or every) man” (GKC 395-96 §123.c; cf. Lev 15:2).
[17:10] 28 tn Heb “from the sojourner who sojourns.”
[17:10] 29 tc The LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate have “your” (plural) rather than “their.”
[17:10] 30 tn Heb “I will give my faces against [literally “in”] the soul/person/life [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh, feminine] who eats the blood and I will cut it [i.e., that נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] off from the midst of its people.” The uses of נֶפֶשׁ in this and the following verse are most significant for the use of animal blood in Israel’s sacrificial system. Unfortunately, it is a most difficult word to translate accurately and consistently, and this presents a major problem for the rendering of these verses (see, e.g., G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 244-45). No matter which translation of נֶפֶשׁ one uses here, it is important to see that both man and animal have נֶפֶשׁ and that this נֶפֶשׁ is identified with the blood. See the further remarks on v. 11 below. On the “cutting off” penalty see the note on v. 4 above. In this instance, God takes it on himself to “cut off” the person (i.e., extirpation).
[17:11] 31 tn Heb “the life of the flesh.” Here “flesh” stands for “every living thing,” that is, all creatures (cf. NIV, NRSV, NLT “every creature”; CEV “every living creature.”
[17:11] 32 tn Heb “for the soul/life (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh) of the flesh, it is in the blood” (cf. the note of v. 10 above and v. 14 below). Although most modern English versions begin a new sentence in v. 11, “For the life of the flesh is in the blood” (see, e.g., NJPS, NASB, NIV, NRSV), the כִּי (ki, “for, because”) at the beginning of the verse suggests continuation from v. 10, as the rendering here indicates (see, e.g., NEB, NLT; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 261; and G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 239).
[17:11] 33 tn Heb “And I myself have given it to you.”
[17:11] 34 tn Heb “for the blood, it by (בְּ, bet preposition, “in”] the life makes atonement.” The interpretation of the preposition is pivotal here. Some scholars have argued that it is a bet of exchange; that is, “the blood makes atonement in exchange for the life [of the slaughtered animal]” (see R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:694-95, 697 for analysis and criticism of this view). It is more likely that, as in the previous clause (“your lives”), “life/soul” (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh) here refers to the person who makes the offering, not the animal offered. The blood of the animal makes atonement for the person who offers it either “by means of” (instrumental bet) the “life/soul” of the animal, which it symbolizes or embodies (the meaning of the translation given here); or perhaps the blood of the animal functions as “the price” (bet of price) for ransoming the “life/soul” of the person.
[17:12] 35 tn Heb “all/any person from you shall not eat blood.”
[17:12] 36 tn Heb “and the sojourner, the one sojourning in your midst, shall not eat blood.”
[17:13] 37 tc A few medieval Hebrew
[17:13] 38 tn Heb “from the sojourner who sojourns.”
[17:13] 39 tc The LXX, Syriac, Vulgate, and certain
[17:13] 40 tn Heb “[wild] game of animal.”
[17:13] 41 tn That is, it must be a clean animal, not an unclean animal (cf. Lev 11).
[17:14] 42 tn Heb “for the life/soul (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh) of all flesh, its blood in its life/soul (נֶפֶשׁ) it is.” The LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate leave out “in its life/soul,” which would naturally yield “for the life of all flesh, its blood it is” (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 261, 263). The present translation is something of an oversimplification, but the meaning is basically the same in any case. Cf. NRSV “For the life of every creature – its blood is its life.”
[17:14] 43 tn Heb “of all flesh” (also later in this verse). See the note on “every living thing” in v. 11.
[17:14] 44 tn For remarks on the “cut off” penalty see the note on v. 4 above.
[17:15] 45 tn Heb “And any soul” (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh).
[17:15] 46 tn Heb “carcass,” referring to the carcass of an animal that has died on its own, not the carcass of an animal slaughtered for sacrifice or killed by wild beasts. This has been clarified in the translation by supplying the phrase “of natural causes”; cf. NAB “that died of itself”; TEV “that has died a natural death.”
[17:15] 47 tn Heb “in the native or in the sojourner.”
[17:16] 48 tn The words “his clothes” are not in the Hebrew text, but are repeated in the translation for clarity.
[17:16] 49 tn Heb “and he shall bear his iniquity.” The rendering “bear the punishment for the iniquity” reflects the use of the word “iniquity” to refer to the punishment for iniquity. This is sometimes referred to as the consequential use of the term (cf. Lev 5:17; 7:18; 10:17; etc.).
[20:2] 50 tn Heb “or from the sojourner who sojourns”; NAB “an alien residing in Israel.”
[20:2] 51 tn Heb “his seed” (so KJV, ASV); likewise in vv. 3-4.
[20:2] 52 tn Regarding Molech and Molech worship see the note on Lev 18:21.
[20:2] 53 tn This is not the most frequently-used Hebrew verb for stoning (see instead סָקַל, saqal), but a word that refers to the action of throwing, slinging, or pelting someone with stones (רָגָם, ragam; see HALOT 1187 s.v. רגם qal.a, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 136).
[20:3] 54 tn Heb “And I, I shall give my faces.”
[20:3] 55 sn On the “cut off” penalty see the notes on Lev 7:20 and 17:4.
[20:3] 56 tn Heb “for the sake of defiling my sanctuary and to profane my holy name.”
[20:4] 57 tn Heb “And if shutting [infinitive absolute] they shut [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
[20:4] 58 tn Heb “from that man” (so ASV); NASB “disregard that man.”
[20:5] 59 tn The adjective “spiritual” has been supplied in the translation to clarify that this is not a reference to literal prostitution, but figuratively compares idolatry to prostitution.
[20:5] 60 tn Heb “to commit harlotry after Molech.” The translation employs “worshiping” here for clarity (cf. NAB, NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT). On the “cut off” penalty see the note on Lev 7:20.
[20:6] 61 sn For structure and coherence in Lev 20:6-27 see the note on v. 27 below.
[20:6] 62 tn See the note on the phrase “familiar spirits” in Lev 19:31 above.
[20:6] 63 tn Heb “I will give my faces.”
[20:8] 64 tn Heb “And you shall keep my statutes and you shall do them.” This appears to be a kind of verbal hendiadys, where the first verb is a modifier of the action of the second verb (see GKC 386 §120.d, although שָׁמַר [shamar, “to keep”] is not cited there; cf. Lev 22:31, etc.).
[20:9] 65 sn Compare the regulations in Lev 18:6-23.
[20:9] 66 tn Heb “If a man a man who.”
[20:9] 67 tn Heb “makes light of his father and his mother.” Almost all English versions render this as some variation of “curses his father or mother.”
[20:9] 68 tn Heb “his blood [plural] is in him.” Cf. NAB “he has forfeited his life”; TEV “is responsible for his own death.”
[20:10] 69 tn Heb “And a man who.” The syntax here and at the beginning of the following verses elliptically mirrors that of v. 9, which justifies the rendering as a conditional clause.
[20:10] 70 tc The reading of the LXX minuscule
[20:11] 71 sn See the note on Lev 18:7 above.
[20:11] 72 tn See the note on v. 9 above.
[20:12] 73 tn The Hebrew term תֶּבֶל (tevel, “perversion”) derives from the verb “to mix; to confuse” (cf. KJV, ASV “they have wrought confusion”).
[20:13] 74 tn Heb “[as the] lyings of a woman.” The specific reference here is to homosexual intercourse between males.
[20:14] 75 tn Heb “And a man who takes a woman and her mother.” The Hebrew verb “to take” in this context means “to engage in sexual intercourse.”
[20:14] 76 tn Regarding “lewdness,” see the note on Lev 18:17 above.
[20:14] 77 tn Heb “in fire they shall burn him and them.” The active plural verb sometimes requires a passive translation (GKC 460 §144.f, g), esp. when no active plural subject has been expressed in the context. The present translation specifies “burned to death” because the traditional rendering “burnt with fire” (KJV, ASV; NASB “burned with fire”) could be understood to mean “branded” or otherwise burned, but not fatally.
[20:15] 78 tn See the note on Lev 18:20 above.
[20:16] 79 tn Heb “to copulate with it” (cf. Lev 20:16).
[20:17] 80 tn Heb “takes.” The verb “to take” in this context means “to engage in sexual intercourse,” though some English versions translate it as “marry” (e.g., NIV, NCV, TEV, CEV).
[20:17] 81 tn Regarding the “cut off” penalty, see the note on Lev 7:20.
[20:17] 82 tn See the note on Lev 17:16 above.
[20:18] 83 tn Heb “and the two of them.”
[20:19] 84 tn Heb “his flesh.”
[20:19] 85 tn See the note on Lev 17:16 above.
[20:21] 86 tn Heb “takes.” The verb “to take” in this context means “to engage in sexual intercourse.”
[20:21] 87 sn See the note on Lev 18:7 above.
[20:22] 88 tn Heb “And you shall keep all my statutes and all my regulations and you shall do them.” This appears to be a kind of verbal hendiadys, where the first verb is a modifier of the action of the second verb (see GKC 386 §120.d, although שָׁמַר [shamar, “to keep”] is not cited there; cf. Lev 22:31, etc.).
[20:22] 89 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
[20:23] 90 tc One medieval Hebrew
[20:24] 91 tc Here and with the same phrase in v. 26, the LXX adds “all,” resulting in the reading “all the peoples.”
[20:25] 92 tn Heb “And you shall distinguish.” The verb is the same as “set apart” at the end of the previous verse. The fact that God had “set them apart” from the other peoples roundabout them called for them to “distinguish between” the clean and the unclean, etc.
[20:25] 93 tn The word “creatures” has been supplied in the translation to make it clear that the following relative clause modifies the animal, bird, or creeping thing mentioned earlier, and not the ground itself.
[20:25] 94 tc The MT has “to defile,” but Smr, LXX, and Syriac have “to uncleanness.”
[20:27] 95 tc Smr, LXX, Syriac, and some Targum
[20:27] 96 tn See the note on the phrase “familiar spirit” in Lev 19:31 above.
[20:27] 97 tn This is not the most frequently-used Hebrew verb for stoning, but a word that refers to the action of throwing, slinging, or pelting someone with stones (see the note on v. 2 above). Smr and LXX have “you [plural] shall pelt them with stones.”
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