Mazmur 78:32-55
Konteks78:32 Despite all this, they continued to sin,
and did not trust him to do amazing things. 1
78:33 So he caused them to die unsatisfied 2
and filled with terror. 3
78:34 When he struck them down, 4 they sought his favor; 5
they turned back and longed for God.
78:35 They remembered that God was their protector, 6
and that the sovereign God was their deliverer. 7
78:36 But they deceived him with their words, 8
and lied to him. 9
78:37 They were not really committed to him, 10
and they were unfaithful to his covenant.
78:38 Yet he is compassionate.
He forgives sin and does not destroy.
He often holds back his anger,
and does not stir up his fury. 11
78:39 He remembered 12 that they were made of flesh,
and were like a wind that blows past and does not return. 13
78:40 How often they rebelled against him in the wilderness,
and insulted him 14 in the desert!
78:41 They again challenged God, 15
and offended 16 the Holy One of Israel. 17
78:42 They did not remember what he had done, 18
how he delivered them from the enemy, 19
78:43 when he performed his awesome deeds 20 in Egypt,
and his acts of judgment 21 in the region of Zoan.
78:44 He turned their rivers into blood,
and they could not drink from their streams.
78:45 He sent swarms of biting insects against them, 22
as well as frogs that overran their land. 23
78:46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper,
the fruit of their labor to the locust.
78:47 He destroyed their vines with hail,
and their sycamore-fig trees with driving rain.
78:48 He rained hail down on their cattle, 24
and hurled lightning bolts down on their livestock. 25
78:49 His raging anger lashed out against them, 26
He sent fury, rage, and trouble
as messengers who bring disaster. 27
78:50 He sent his anger in full force; 28
he did not spare them from death;
he handed their lives over to destruction. 29
78:51 He struck down all the firstborn in Egypt,
the firstfruits of their reproductive power 30 in the tents of Ham.
78:52 Yet he brought out his people like sheep;
he led them through the wilderness like a flock.
78:53 He guided them safely along,
while the sea covered their enemies.
78:54 He brought them to the border of his holy land,
to this mountainous land 31 which his right hand 32 acquired.
78:55 He drove the nations out from before them;
he assigned them their tribal allotments 33
and allowed the tribes of Israel to settle down. 34
[78:32] 1 tn Heb “and did not believe in his amazing deeds.”
[78:33] 2 tn Heb “and he ended in vanity their days.”
[78:33] 3 tn Heb “and their years in terror.”
[78:34] 4 tn Or “killed them,” that is, killed large numbers of them.
[78:34] 5 tn Heb “they sought him.”
[78:35] 6 tn Heb “my high rocky summit.”
[78:35] 7 tn Heb “and [that] God Most High [was] their redeemer.”
[78:36] 8 tn Heb “with their mouth.”
[78:36] 9 tn Heb “and with their tongue they lied to him.”
[78:37] 10 tn Heb “and their heart was not firm with him.”
[78:38] 11 tn One could translate v. 38 in the past tense (“he was compassionate…forgave sin and did not destroy…held back his anger, and did not stir up his fury”), but the imperfect verbal forms are probably best understood as generalizing. Verse 38 steps back briefly from the narrational summary of Israel’s history and lays the theological basis for v. 39, which focuses on God’s mercy toward sinful Israel.
[78:39] 12 tn The prefixed verbal form with vav (ו) consecutive signals a return to the narrative.
[78:39] 13 tn Heb “and he remembered that they [were] flesh, a wind [that] goes and does not return.”
[78:40] 14 tn Or “caused him pain.”
[78:41] 15 tn Heb “and they returned and tested God.” The Hebrew verb שׁוּב (shuv, “to return”) is used here in an adverbial sense to indicate that an earlier action was repeated.
[78:41] 16 tn Or “wounded, hurt.” The verb occurs only here in the OT.
[78:41] 17 sn The basic sense of the word “holy” is “set apart from that which is commonplace, special, unique.” The Lord’s holiness is first and foremost his transcendent sovereignty as the ruler of the world. He is “set apart” from the world over which he rules. At the same time his holiness encompasses his moral authority, which derives from his royal position. As king he has the right to dictate to his subjects how they are to live; indeed his very own character sets the standard for proper behavior. This expression is a common title for the
[78:42] 18 tn Heb “his hand,” symbolizing his saving activity and strength, as the next line makes clear.
[78:42] 19 tn Heb “[the] day [in] which he ransomed them from [the] enemy.”
[78:43] 20 tn Or “signs” (see Ps 65:8).
[78:43] 21 tn Or “portents, omens” (see Ps 71:7). The Egyptian plagues are referred to here (see vv. 44-51).
[78:45] 22 tn Heb “and he sent an insect swarm against them and it devoured them.”
[78:45] 23 tn Heb “and a swarm of frogs and it destroyed them.”
[78:48] 24 tn Heb “and he turned over to the hail their cattle.”
[78:48] 25 tn Heb “and their livestock to the flames.” “Flames” here refer to the lightning bolts that accompanied the storm.
[78:49] 26 tn Heb “he sent against them the rage of his anger.” The phrase “rage of his anger” employs an appositional genitive. Synonyms are joined in a construct relationship to emphasize the single idea. For a detailed discussion of the grammatical point with numerous examples, see Y. Avishur, “Pairs of Synonymous Words in the Construct State (and in Appositional Hendiadys) in Biblical Hebrew,” Semitics 2 (1971): 17-81.
[78:49] 27 tn Heb “fury and indignation and trouble, a sending of messengers of disaster.”
[78:50] 28 tn Heb “he leveled a path for his anger.” There were no obstacles to impede its progress; it moved swiftly and destructively.
[78:50] 29 tn Or perhaps “[the] plague.”
[78:51] 30 tn Heb “the beginning of strength.” If retained, the plural form אוֹנִים (’onim, “strength”) probably indicates degree (“great strength”), but many ancient witnesses read “their strength,” which presupposes an emendation to אֹנָם (’onam; singular form of the noun with third masculine plural pronominal suffix).
[78:54] 31 tn Heb “this mountain.” The whole land of Canaan seems to be referred to here. In Exod 15:17 the promised land is called the “mountain of your [i.e., God’s] inheritance.”
[78:54] 32 tn The “right hand” here symbolizes God’s military strength (see v. 55).
[78:55] 33 tn Heb “he caused to fall [to] them with a measuring line an inheritance.”
[78:55] 34 tn Heb “and caused the tribes of Israel to settle down in their tents.”
