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Amsal 31

The Words of Lemuel

31:1 The words of King Lemuel, 1 

an oracle 2  that his mother taught him:

31:2 O 3  my son, O son of my womb,

O son 4  of my vows,

31:3 Do not give your strength 5  to women,

nor your ways 6  to that which ruins 7  kings.

31:4 It is not for kings, 8  O Lemuel,

it is not for kings to drink wine, 9 

or for rulers to crave strong drink, 10 

31:5 lest they drink and forget what is decreed,

and remove 11  from all the poor 12  their legal rights. 13 

31:6 Give strong drink to the one who is perishing, 14 

and wine to those who are bitterly distressed; 15 

31:7 let them 16  drink and forget 17  their poverty,

and remember their misery no more.

31:8 Open your mouth 18  on behalf of those unable to speak, 19 

for the legal rights of all the dying. 20 

31:9 Open your mouth, judge in righteousness, 21 

and plead the cause 22  of the poor and needy.

The Wife of Noble Character 23 

31:10 Who can find 24  a wife 25  of noble character? 26 

For her value 27  is far more than rubies.

31:11 The heart of her husband has confidence 28  in her,

and he has no lack of gain. 29 

31:12 She brings him 30  good and not evil 31 

all the days of her life.

31:13 She obtains 32  wool and flax,

and she is pleased to work with her hands. 33 

31:14 She is like 34  the merchant ships; 35 

she brings her food from afar.

31:15 She also gets up 36  while it is still night,

and provides food 37  for her household and a portion 38  to her female servants.

31:16 She considers 39  a field and buys it;

from her own income 40  she plants a vineyard.

31:17 She begins 41  her work vigorously,

and she strengthens 42  her arms.

31:18 She knows 43  that her merchandise is good,

and her lamp 44  does not go out in the night.

31:19 Her hands 45  take hold 46  of the distaff,

and her hands grasp the spindle.

31:20 She extends 47  her hand 48  to the poor,

and reaches out her hand to the needy.

31:21 She is not 49  afraid of the snow 50  for her household,

for all of her household are clothed with scarlet. 51 

31:22 She makes for herself coverlets; 52 

her clothing is fine linen and purple. 53 

31:23 Her husband is well-known 54  in the city gate 55 

when he sits with the elders 56  of the land.

31:24 She makes linen garments 57  and sells them,

and supplies the merchants 58  with sashes.

31:25 She is clothed 59  with strength 60  and honor, 61 

and she can laugh 62  at the time 63  to come.

31:26 She opens her mouth 64  with wisdom,

and loving instruction 65  is on her tongue.

31:27 She watches over 66  the ways of her household,

and does not eat the bread of idleness. 67 

31:28 Her children rise up 68  and call her blessed,

her husband 69  also praises her:

31:29 “Many 70  daughters 71  have done valiantly, 72 

but you surpass them all!”

31:30 Charm is deceitful 73  and beauty is fleeting, 74 

but a woman who fears the Lord 75  will be praised.

31:31 Give 76  her credit for what she has accomplished, 77 

and let her works praise her 78  in the city gates. 79 

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[31:1]  1 sn Nothing else is known about King Lemuel aside from this mention in the book of Proverbs. Jewish legend identifies him as Solomon, making this advice from his mother Bathsheba; but there is no evidence for that. The passage is the only direct address to a king in the book of Proverbs – something that was the norm in wisdom literature of the ancient world (Leah L. Brunner, “King and Commoner in Proverbs and Near Eastern Sources,” Dor le Dor 10 [1982]: 210-19; Brunner argues that the advice is religious and not secular).

[31:1]  2 tn Some English versions take the Hebrew noun translated “oracle” here as a place name specifying the kingdom of King Lemuel; cf. NAB “king of Massa”; CEV “King Lemuel of Massa.”

[31:2]  3 tn The form מַה (mah), normally the interrogative “what?” (so KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB) is best interpreted here as an exclamation. Tg. Prov 31:2 has “Woe!”

[31:2]  4 tn In all three occurrences in this verse the word “son” has the Aramaic spelling, ַַבּר (bar), rather than the Hebrew בֵּן (ben). The repetition of the word “son” shows the seriousness of the warning; and the expression “son of my womb” and “son of my vows” are endearing epithets to show the great investment she has made in his religious place in God’s program. For a view that “son of my womb” should be “my own son,” see F. Deist, “Proverbs 31:1, A Case of Constant Mistranslation,” JNSL 6 (1978): 1-3; cf. TEV “my own dear son.”

[31:3]  5 sn The word translated “strength” refers to physical powers here, i.e., “vigor” (so NAB) or “stamina.” It is therefore a metonymy of cause; the effect would be what spending this strength meant – sexual involvement with women. It would be easy for a king to spend his energy enjoying women, but that would be unwise.

[31:3]  6 sn The word “ways” may in general refer to the heart’s affection for or attention to, or it may more specifically refer to sexual intercourse. While in the book of Proverbs the term is an idiom for the course of life, in this context it must refer to the energy spent in this activity.

[31:3]  7 tn The construction uses Qal infinitive construct לַמְחוֹת (lamkhot, “to wipe out; to blot out; to destroy”). The construction is somewhat strange, and so some interpreters suggest changing it to מֹחוֹת (mokhot, “destroyers of kings”); cf. BDB 562 s.v. מָחָה Qal.3. Commentators note that the form is close to an Aramaic word that means “concubine,” and an Arabic word that is an indelicate description for women.