BaDeNo
31:1 The words of King Lemuel, 1
an oracle 2 that his mother taught him:
31:2 O 3 my son, O son of my womb,
O son 4 of my vows,
31:3 Do not give your strength 5 to women,
nor your ways 6 to that which ruins 7 kings.
31:4 It is not for kings, 8 O Lemuel,
it is not for kings to drink wine, 9
or for rulers to crave strong drink, 10
31:5 lest they drink and forget what is decreed,
and remove 11 from all the poor 12 their legal rights. 13
31:6 Give strong drink to the one who is perishing, 14
and wine to those who are bitterly distressed; 15
31:7 let them 16 drink and forget 17 their poverty,
and remember their misery no more.
31:8 Open your mouth 18 on behalf of those unable to speak, 19
for the legal rights of all the dying. 20
31:9 Open your mouth, judge in righteousness, 21
and plead the cause 22 of the poor and needy.
31:10 Who can find 24 a wife 25 of noble character? 26
For her value 27 is far more than rubies.
31:11 The heart of her husband has confidence 28 in her,
and he has no lack of gain. 29
31:12 She brings him 30 good and not evil 31
all the days of her life.
31:13 She obtains 32 wool and flax,
and she is pleased to work with her hands. 33
31:14 She is like 34 the merchant ships; 35
she brings her food from afar.
31:15 She also gets up 36 while it is still night,
and provides food 37 for her household and a portion 38 to her female servants.
31:16 She considers 39 a field and buys it;
from her own income 40 she plants a vineyard.
31:17 She begins 41 her work vigorously,
and she strengthens 42 her arms.
31:18 She knows 43 that her merchandise is good,
and her lamp 44 does not go out in the night.
31:19 Her hands 45 take hold 46 of the distaff,
and her hands grasp the spindle.
31:20 She extends 47 her hand 48 to the poor,
and reaches out her hand to the needy.
31:21 She is not 49 afraid of the snow 50 for her household,
for all of her household are clothed with scarlet. 51
31:22 She makes for herself coverlets; 52
her clothing is fine linen and purple. 53
31:23 Her husband is well-known 54 in the city gate 55
when he sits with the elders 56 of the land.
31:24 She makes linen garments 57 and sells them,
and supplies the merchants 58 with sashes.
31:25 She is clothed 59 with strength 60 and honor, 61
and she can laugh 62 at the time 63 to come.
31:26 She opens her mouth 64 with wisdom,
and loving instruction 65 is on her tongue.
31:27 She watches over 66 the ways of her household,
and does not eat the bread of idleness. 67
31:28 Her children rise up 68 and call her blessed,
her husband 69 also praises her:
31:29 “Many 70 daughters 71 have done valiantly, 72
but you surpass them all!”
31:30 Charm is deceitful 73 and beauty is fleeting, 74
but a woman who fears the Lord 75 will be praised.
[31:1] 1 sn Nothing else is known about King Lemuel aside from this mention in the book of Proverbs. Jewish legend identifies him as Solomon, making this advice from his mother Bathsheba; but there is no evidence for that. The passage is the only direct address to a king in the book of Proverbs – something that was the norm in wisdom literature of the ancient world (Leah L. Brunner, “King and Commoner in Proverbs and Near Eastern Sources,” Dor le Dor 10 [1982]: 210-19; Brunner argues that the advice is religious and not secular).
[31:1] 2 tn Some English versions take the Hebrew noun translated “oracle” here as a place name specifying the kingdom of King Lemuel; cf. NAB “king of Massa”; CEV “King Lemuel of Massa.”
[31:2] 3 tn The form מַה (mah), normally the interrogative “what?” (so KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB) is best interpreted here as an exclamation. Tg. Prov 31:2 has “Woe!”
[31:2] 4 tn In all three occurrences in this verse the word “son” has the Aramaic spelling, ַַבּר (bar), rather than the Hebrew בֵּן (ben). The repetition of the word “son” shows the seriousness of the warning; and the expression “son of my womb” and “son of my vows” are endearing epithets to show the great investment she has made in his religious place in God’s program. For a view that “son of my womb” should be “my own son,” see F. Deist, “Proverbs 31:1, A Case of Constant Mistranslation,” JNSL 6 (1978): 1-3; cf. TEV “my own dear son.”
[31:3] 5 sn The word translated “strength” refers to physical powers here, i.e., “vigor” (so NAB) or “stamina.” It is therefore a metonymy of cause; the effect would be what spending this strength meant – sexual involvement with women. It would be easy for a king to spend his energy enjoying women, but that would be unwise.
[31:3] 6 sn The word “ways” may in general refer to the heart’s affection for or attention to, or it may more specifically refer to sexual intercourse. While in the book of Proverbs the term is an idiom for the course of life, in this context it must refer to the energy spent in this activity.
[31:3] 7 tn The construction uses Qal infinitive construct לַמְחוֹת (lamkhot, “to wipe out; to blot out; to destroy”). The construction is somewhat strange, and so some interpreters suggest changing it to מֹחוֹת (mokhot, “destroyers of kings”); cf. BDB 562 s.v. מָחָה Qal.3. Commentators note that the form is close to an Aramaic word that means “concubine,” and an Arabic word that is an indelicate description for women.






