Ulangan 4:19

4:19 When you look up ¹  to the sky ²  and see the sun, moon, and stars – the whole heavenly creation ³  – you must not be seduced to worship and serve them, ⁴  for the Lord your God has assigned ⁵  them to all the people ⁶  of the world. ⁷ 

Ulangan 17:3

17:3 by serving other gods and worshiping them – the sun, ⁸  moon, or any other heavenly bodies which I have not permitted you to worship. ⁹ 

Ulangan 17:2

17:2 Suppose a man or woman is discovered among you – in one of your villages ¹⁰  that the Lord your God is giving you – who sins before the Lord your God ¹¹  and breaks his covenant

Kisah Para Rasul 23:5-6

23:5 Paul replied, ¹²  “I did not realize, ¹³  brothers, that he was the high priest, for it is written, ‘You must not speak evil about a ruler of your people.’” ¹⁴ 

23:6 Then when Paul noticed ¹⁵  that part of them were Sadducees ¹⁶  and the others Pharisees, ¹⁷  he shouted out in the council, ¹⁸  “Brothers, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees. I am on trial concerning the hope of the resurrection ¹⁹  of the dead!”

Kisah Para Rasul 23:11

23:11 The following night the Lord ²⁰  stood near ²¹  Paul ²²  and said, “Have courage, ²³  for just as you have testified about me in Jerusalem, ²⁴  so you must also testify in Rome.” ²⁵ 

Yeremia 8:2

8:2 They will be spread out and exposed to the sun, the moon and the stars. ²⁶  These are things they ²⁷  adored and served, things to which they paid allegiance, ²⁸  from which they sought guidance, and worshiped. The bones of these people ²⁹  will never be regathered and reburied. They will be like manure used to fertilize the ground. ³⁰ 

Yeremia 19:13

19:13 The houses in Jerusalem and the houses of the kings of Judah will be defiled by dead bodies ³¹  just like this place, Topheth. For they offered sacrifice to the stars ³²  and poured out drink offerings to other gods on the roofs of those houses.’”

Zefanya 1:5

1:5 I will remove ³³  those who worship the stars in the sky from their rooftops, ³⁴ 

those who swear allegiance to the Lord ³⁵  while taking oaths in the name of ³⁶  their ‘king,’ ³⁷ 

Kisah Para Rasul 7:42

7:42 But God turned away from them and gave them over ³⁸  to worship the host ³⁹  of heaven, as it is written in the book of the prophets: ‘It was not to me that you offered slain animals and sacrifices ⁴⁰  forty years in the wilderness, was it, ⁴¹  house of Israel?

[4:19]  ¹ tn Heb “lest you lift up your eyes.” In the Hebrew text vv. 16-19 are subordinated to “Be careful” in v. 15, but this makes for an unduly long sentence in English.

[4:19]  ² tn Or “heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context.

[4:19]  ³ tn Heb “all the host of heaven.”

[4:19]  ⁴ tn In the Hebrew text the verbal sequence in v. 19 is “lest you look up…and see…and be seduced…and worship them…and serve them.” However, the first two actions are not prohibited in and of themselves. The prohibition pertains to the final three actions. The first two verbs describe actions that are logically subordinate to the following actions and can be treated as temporal or circumstantial: “lest, looking up…and seeing…, you are seduced.” See Joüon 2:635 §168.h.

[4:19]  ⁵ tn Or “allotted.”

[4:19]  ⁶ tn Or “nations.”

[4:19]  ⁷ tn Heb “under all the heaven.”

[4:19]  sn The OT views the heavenly host as God’s council, which surrounds his royal throne ready to do his bidding (see 1 Kgs 22:19). God has given this group, sometimes called the “sons of God” (cf. Job 1:6; 38:7; Ps 89:6), jurisdiction over the nations. See Deut 32:8 (LXX). Some also see this assembly as the addressee in Ps 82. While God delegated his council to rule over the nations, he established a theocratic government over Israel and ruled directly over his chosen people via the Mosaic covenant. See v. 20, as well as Deut 32:9.

[17:3]  ⁸ tc The MT reads “and to the sun,” thus including the sun, the moon, and other heavenly spheres among the gods. However, Theodotion and Lucian read “or to the sun,” suggesting perhaps that the sun and the other heavenly bodies are not in the category of actual deities.

[17:3]  ⁹ tn Heb “which I have not commanded you.” The words “to worship” are supplied in the translation for clarification.

[17:2]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “gates.”

[17:2]  ¹¹ tn Heb “does the evil in the eyes of the Lord your God.”

[23:5]  ¹² tn Grk “said.”

[23:5]  ¹³ tn Or “know.”

[23:5]  ¹⁴ sn A quotation from Exod 22:28. This text defines a form of blasphemy. Paul, aware of the fact that he came close to crossing the line, backed off out of respect for the law.

[23:6]  ¹⁵ tn BDAG 200 s.v. γινώσκω 4 has “to be aware of someth., perceive, notice, realize”; this is further clarified by section 4.c: “w. ὅτι foll….Ac 23:6.”

[23:6]  ¹⁶ sn See the note on Sadducees in 4:1.

[23:6]  ¹⁷ sn See the note on Pharisee in 5:34.

[23:6]  ¹⁸ tn Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).

[23:6]  ¹⁹ tn That is, concerning the hope that the dead will be resurrected. Grk “concerning the hope and resurrection.” BDAG 320 s.v. ἐλπίς 1.b.α states, “Of Israel’s messianic hope Ac 23:6 (ἐ. καὶ ἀνάστασις for ἐ. τῆς ἀν. [obj. gen] as 2 Macc 3:29 ἐ. καὶ σωτηρία).” With an objective genitive construction, the resurrection of the dead would be the “object” of the hope.

[23:11]  ²⁰ sn The presence of the Lord indicated the vindicating presence and direction of God.

[23:11]  ²¹ tn Grk “standing near Paul, said.” The participle ἐπιστάς (epistas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:11]  ²² tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[23:11]  ²³ tn Or “Do not be afraid.”

[23:11]  ²⁴ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[23:11]  ²⁵ sn Like Jesus went to Jerusalem, Paul would now go to Rome. This trip forms the concluding backdrop to Acts. This is the second notice about going to Rome (see Acts 19:21 for the first).

[23:11]  map For location see JP4 A1.

[8:2]  ²⁶ tc MT, 4QJer^a and LXX read “the sun and the moon and all the host of heaven,” but 4QJer^c reads “the sun and all the stars.”

[8:2]  tn Heb “the host of heaven.”

[8:2]  ²⁷ tn Heb “the sun, moon, and host of heaven which they…”

[8:2]  ²⁸ tn Heb “followed after.” See the translator’s note at 2:5 for the idiom.

[8:2]  ²⁹ tn Heb “they will not” but the referent is far enough removed that it might be ambiguous.

[8:2]  ³⁰ tn Heb “like dung/manure on the surface of the ground.”

[19:13]  ³¹ tn The words “by dead bodies” is not in the text but is implicit from the context. They are supplied in the translation for clarity.

[19:13]  ³² tn Heb “the host of heaven.”

[1:5]  ³³ tn The words “I will remove” are repeated from v. 4b for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text vv. 4b-6 contain a long list of objects for the verb “I will remove” in v. 4b. In the present translation a new sentence was begun at the beginning of v. 5 in keeping with the tendency of contemporary English to use shorter sentences.

[1:5]  ³⁴ tn Heb “those who worship on their roofs the host of heaven.” The “host of heaven” included the sun, moon, planets, and stars, all of which were deified in the ancient Near East.

[1:5]  ³⁵ tc The MT reads, “those who worship, those who swear allegiance to the Lord.” The original form of the LXX omits the phrase “those who worship”; it may have been accidentally repeated from the preceding line. J. J. M. Roberts prefers to delete as secondary the phrase “those who swear allegiance” (J. J. M. Roberts, Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah [OTL], 168).

[1:5]  ³⁶ tn Heb “those who swear by.”

[1:5]  ³⁷ tn The referent of “their king” is unclear. It may refer sarcastically to a pagan god (perhaps Baal) worshiped by the people. Some English versions (cf. NEB, NASB, NRSV) prefer to emend the text to “Milcom,” the name of an Ammonite god (following some LXX mss, Syriac, and Vulgate) or “Molech,” a god to whom the Israelites offered their children (cf. NIV, NLT). For a discussion of the options, see Adele Berlin, Zephaniah (AB 25A), 75-77.

[7:42]  ³⁸ sn The expression and gave them over suggests similarities to the judgment on the nations described by Paul in Rom 1:18-32.

[7:42]  ³⁹ tn Or “stars.”

[7:42]  sn To worship the hosts of heaven. Their action violated Deut 4:19; 17:2-5. See Ps 106:36-43.

[7:42]  ⁴⁰ tn The two terms for sacrifices “semantically reinforce one another and are here combined essentially for emphasis” (L&N 53.20).

[7:42]  ⁴¹ tn The Greek construction anticipates a negative reply which is indicated in the translation by the ‘tag’ question, “was it?”