1 Raja-raja 21:10

21:10 Also seat two villains opposite him and have them testify, ‘You cursed God and the king.’ Then take him out and stone him to death.”

1 Raja-raja 21:13

21:13 The two villains arrived and sat opposite him. Then the villains testified against Naboth right before the people, saying, “Naboth cursed God and the king.” So they dragged him ¹  outside the city and stoned him to death. ² 

Mazmur 27:12

27:12 Do not turn me over to my enemies, ³ 

for false witnesses who want to destroy me testify against me. ⁴ 

Mazmur 35:11

35:11 Violent men perjure themselves, ⁵ 

and falsely accuse me. ⁶ 

Matius 26:59-60

26:59 The ⁷  chief priests and the whole Sanhedrin were trying to find false testimony against Jesus so that they could put him to death. 26:60 But they did not find anything, though many false witnesses came forward. Finally ⁸  two came forward

Kisah Para Rasul 6:11-13

6:11 Then they secretly instigated ⁹  some men to say, “We have heard this man ¹⁰  speaking blasphemous words against Moses and God.” 6:12 They incited the people, the ¹¹  elders, and the experts in the law; ¹²  then they approached Stephen, ¹³  seized him, and brought him before the council. ¹⁴  6:13 They brought forward false witnesses who said, “This man does not stop saying things against this holy place ¹⁵  and the law. ¹⁶ 

Kisah Para Rasul 24:1-13

The Accusations Against Paul

24:1 After five days the high priest Ananias ¹⁷  came down with some elders and an attorney ¹⁸  named ¹⁹  Tertullus, and they ²⁰  brought formal charges ²¹  against Paul to the governor. 24:2 When Paul ²²  had been summoned, Tertullus began to accuse him, ²³  saying, “We have experienced a lengthy time ²⁴  of peace through your rule, ²⁵  and reforms ²⁶  are being made in this nation ²⁷  through your foresight. ²⁸  24:3 Most excellent Felix, ²⁹  we acknowledge this everywhere and in every way ³⁰  with all gratitude. ³¹  24:4 But so that I may not delay ³²  you any further, I beg ³³  you to hear us briefly ³⁴  with your customary graciousness. ³⁵  24:5 For we have found ³⁶  this man to be a troublemaker, ³⁷  one who stirs up riots ³⁸  among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader ³⁹  of the sect of the Nazarenes. ⁴⁰  24:6 He ⁴¹  even tried to desecrate ⁴²  the temple, so we arrested ⁴³  him. 24:7 [[EMPTY]] ⁴⁴  24:8 When you examine ⁴⁵  him yourself, you will be able to learn from him ⁴⁶  about all these things we are accusing him of doing.” ⁴⁷  24:9 The Jews also joined in the verbal attack, ⁴⁸  claiming ⁴⁹  that these things were true.

Paul’s Defense Before Felix

24:10 When the governor gestured for him to speak, Paul replied, “Because I know ⁵⁰  that you have been a judge over this nation for many years, I confidently make my defense. ⁵¹  24:11 As you can verify ⁵²  for yourself, not more than twelve days ago ⁵³  I went up to Jerusalem ⁵⁴  to worship. 24:12 They did not find me arguing ⁵⁵  with anyone or stirring up a crowd ⁵⁶  in the temple courts ⁵⁷  or in the synagogues ⁵⁸  or throughout the city, ⁵⁹  24:13 nor can they prove ⁶⁰  to you the things ⁶¹  they are accusing me of doing. ⁶² 

[21:13]  ¹ tn Heb “led him.”

[21:13]  ² tn Heb “and they stoned him with stones and he died.”

[27:12]  ³ tn Heb “do not give me over to the desire of my enemies.”

[27:12]  ⁴ tn Heb “for they have risen up against me, lying witnesses and a testifier of violence.” The form יָפֵחַ (yafeakh) is traditionally understood as a verb meaning “snort, breathe out”: “for false witnesses are risen up against me, and such as breathe out cruelty” (KJV; cf. BDB 422 s.v.). A better option is to take the form as a noun meaning “a witness” (or “testifier”). See Prov 6:19; 12:17; 14:5, 25; 19:5, 9, and Hab 2:3.

[35:11]  ⁵ tn Heb “witnesses of violence rise up.”

[35:11]  ⁶ tn Heb “[that] which I do not know they ask me.”

[26:59]  ⁷ tn Grk “Now the.” Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[26:60]  ⁸ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[6:11]  ⁹ tn Another translation would be “they suborned” (but this term is not in common usage). “Instigate (secretly), suborn” is given by BDAG 1036 s.v. ὑποβάλλω.

[6:11]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “heard him”; but since this is direct discourse, it is more natural (and clearer) to specify the referent (Stephen) as “this man.”

[6:12]  ¹¹ tn Grk “and the,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[6:12]  ¹² tn Or “and the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 4:5.

[6:12]  ¹³ tn Grk “approaching, they seized him”; the referent (Stephen) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[6:12]  ¹⁴ tn Or “the Sanhedrin” (the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews). Stephen suffers just as Peter and John did.

[6:13]  ¹⁵ sn This holy place is a reference to the temple.

[6:13]  ¹⁶ sn The law refers to the law of Moses. It elaborates the nature of the blasphemy in v. 11. To speak against God’s law in Torah was to blaspheme God (Deut 28:15-19). On the Jewish view of false witnesses, see Exod 19:16-18; 20:16; m. Sanhedrin 3.6; 5.1-5. Stephen’s speech in Acts 7 may indicate why the temple was mentioned.

[24:1]  ¹⁷ sn Ananias was in office from a.d. 47-59.

[24:1]  ¹⁸ tn The term refers to a professional advocate (BDAG 905 s.v. ῥήτωρ).

[24:1]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “an attorney, a certain Tertullus.”

[24:1]  ²⁰ tn Grk “who” (plural). Because in English the relative pronoun “who” could be understood to refer only to the attorney Tertullus and not to the entire group, it has been replaced with the third person plural pronoun “they.” “And” has been supplied to provide the connection to the preceding clause.

[24:1]  ²¹ tn BDAG 326 s.v. ἐμφανίζω 3 has “ἐ. τινὶ κατά τινος bring formal charges against someone…Ac 24:1; 25:2.”

[24:2]  ²² tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.

[24:2]  ²³ tn Or “began to bring charges, saying.”

[24:2]  ²⁴ tn Grk “experienced much peace.”

[24:2]  ²⁵ tn Grk “through you” (“rule” is implied).

[24:2]  ²⁶ tn This term is used only once in the NT (a hapax legomenon). It refers to improvements in internal administration (BDAG 251 s.v. διόρθωμα).

[24:2]  ²⁷ tn Or “being made for this people.”

[24:2]  ²⁸ sn References to peaceful rule, reforms, and the governor’s foresight in the opening address by Tertullus represent an attempt to praise the governor and thus make him favorable to the case. Actual descriptions of his rule portray him as inept (Tacitus, Annals 12.54; Josephus, J. W. 2.13.2-7 [2.253-270]).

[24:3]  ²⁹ sn Most excellent Felix. See the note on Felix in 23:24.

[24:3]  ³⁰ tn Grk “in every way and everywhere.”

[24:3]  ³¹ tn Or “with complete thankfulness.” BDAG 416 s.v. εὐχαριστία 1 has “μετὰ πάσης εὐ.…with all gratitude Ac 24:3.” L&N 31.26 has “‘we acknowledge this anywhere and everywhere with complete thankfulness’ Ac 24:3.”

[24:4]  ³² tn Or “may not weary.” BDAG 274 s.v. ἐγκόπτω states, “ἵνα μὴ ἐπὶ πλεῖόν σε ἐγκόπτω Ac 24:4 is understood by Syr. and Armen. versions to mean in order not to weary you any further; cp. ἔγκοπος weary Diog. L. 4, 50; LXX; and ἔγκοπον ποιεῖν to weary Job 19:2; Is 43:23. But impose on is also prob.; detain NRSV.”

[24:4]  ³³ tn Or “request.”

[24:4]  ³⁴ tn This term is another NT hapax legomenon (BDAG 976 s.v. συντόμως 2). Tertullus was asking for a brief hearing, and implying to the governor that he would speak briefly and to the point.

[24:4]  ³⁵ tn BDAG 371 s.v. ἐπιείκεια has “τῇ σῇ ἐ. with your (customary) indulgence Ac 24:4.”

[24:5]  ³⁶ tn Grk “For having found.” The participle εὑρόντες (Jeurontes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[24:5]  ³⁷ tn L&N 22.6 has “(a figurative extension of meaning of λοιμός ‘plague,’ 23.158) one who causes all sorts of trouble – ‘troublemaker, pest.’ … ‘for we have found this man to be a troublemaker” Ac 24:5.”

[24:5]  ³⁸ tn Or “dissensions.” While BDAG 940 s.v. στάσις 3 translates this phrase “κινεῖν στάσεις (v.l. στάσιν) τισί create dissension among certain people Ac 24:5,” it is better on the basis of the actual results of Paul’s ministry to categorize this usage under section 2, “uprising, riot, revolt, rebellion” (cf. the use in Acts 19:40).

[24:5]  ³⁹ tn This term is yet another NT hapax legomenon (BDAG 894 s.v. πρωτοστάτης).

[24:5]  sn A ringleader. Tertullus’ basic argument was that Paul was a major disturber of the public peace. To ignore this the governor would be shunning his duty to preserve the peace and going against the pattern of his rule. In effect, Tertullus claimed that Paul was seditious (a claim the governor could not afford to ignore).

[24:5]  ⁴⁰ sn The sect of the Nazarenes is a designation for followers of Jesus the Nazarene, that is, Christians.

[24:6]  ⁴¹ tn Grk “who.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) was replaced by the third person singular pronoun (“he”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.

[24:6]  ⁴² tn Or “profane” (BDAG 173 s.v. βεβηλόω). The term was also used of profaning the Sabbath.

[24:6]  ⁴³ tn Or “seized.” Grk “whom also we arrested.” Because of the awkwardness of a relative clause in English at this point, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the pronoun “him” as object of the verb.

[24:7]  ⁴⁴ tc Some later mss include some material at the end of v. 6, all of 24:7, and some material at the beginning of v. 8: “and we wanted to judge him according to our law. 24:7 But Lysias the commanding officer came and took him out of our hands with a great deal of violence, 24:8 ordering those who accused him to come before you.” Acts 24:6b, 7, and 8a are lacking in Ì⁷⁴ א A B H L P 049 81 1175 1241 pm and a few versional witnesses. They are included (with a few minor variations) in E Ψ 33 323 614 945 1505 1739 pm and a few versional witnesses. This verse (and parts of verses) is most likely not a part of the original text of Acts, for not only is it lacking from the better witnesses, there is no easy explanation as to how such could be missing from them. The present translation follows NA²⁷ in omitting the verse number, a procedure also followed by a number of other modern translations.

[24:8]  ⁴⁵ tn Or “question.”

[24:8]  ⁴⁶ tn Grk “From whom when you examine him yourself, you will be able to learn…” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the third person singular pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun at the beginning of v. 8 in the translation.

[24:8]  ⁴⁷ tn Grk “about all these things of which we are accusing him.” This has been simplified to eliminate the relative pronoun (“of which”) in the translation.

[24:9]  ⁴⁸ tn Grk “joined in the attack,” but the adjective “verbal” has been supplied to clarify that this was not another physical assault on Paul. The verb is another NT hapax legomenon (BDAG 969 s.v. συνεπιτίθημι).

[24:9]  ⁴⁹ tn Or “asserting” (BDAG 1050 s.v. φάσκω).

[24:10]  ⁵⁰ tn Grk “knowing.” The participle ἐπιστάμενος (epistamenos) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.

[24:10]  ⁵¹ sn “Because…defense.” Paul also paid an indirect compliment to the governor, implying that he would be fair in his judgment.

[24:11]  ⁵² tn BDAG 369 s.v. ἐπιγινώσκω 2.c has “notice, perceive, learn of, ascertain…Also as legal t.t. ascertain (2 Macc 14:9) τὶ Ac 23:28; cp. 24:8. W. ὅτι foll. Ac 24:11.” “Verify” is an English synonym for “ascertain.”

[24:11]  ⁵³ tn Grk “it is not more than twelve days from when.” This has been simplified to “not more than twelve days ago.”

[24:11]  sn Part of Paul’s defense is that he would not have had time to organize a revolt, since he had arrived in Jerusalem not more than twelve days ago.

[24:11]  ⁵⁴ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[24:12]  ⁵⁵ tn Or “disputing,” “conducting a heated discussion.”

[24:12]  ⁵⁶ tn BDAG 381 s.v. ἐπίστασις 2 has “ἐ. ποιεῖν ὄχλου to cause a crowd to gather Ac 24:12.” Roman authorities would not allow a mob to gather and threaten the peace, and anyone suspected of instigating a mob would certainly be arrested.

[24:12]  ⁵⁷ tn Grk “in the temple.” This is actually a reference to the courts surrounding the temple proper, and has been translated accordingly.

[24:12]  ⁵⁸ sn See the note on synagogue in 6:9.

[24:12]  ⁵⁹ sn A second part of Paul’s defense is that he did nothing while he was in Jerusalem to cause unrest, neither arguing nor stirring up a crowd in the temple courts or in the synagogues or throughout the city.

[24:13]  ⁶⁰ tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 1.f has “οὐδὲ παραστῆσαι δύνανταί σοι περὶ ὧν νυνὶ κατηγοροῦσίν μου nor can they prove to you the accusations they are now making against me Ac 24:13.”

[24:13]  sn Nor can they prove. This is a formal legal claim that Paul’s opponents lacked proof of any wrongdoing. They had no witness who could justify the arrest at the temple.

[24:13]  ⁶¹ tn The words “the things” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[24:13]  ⁶² tn Grk “nor can they prove to you [the things] about which they are now accusing me.” This has been simplified to eliminate the relative pronoun (“which”) in the translation.