Keluaran 21:12-36
Konteks21:12 1 “Whoever strikes someone 2 so that he dies 3 must surely be put to death. 4 21:13 But if he does not do it with premeditation, 5 but it happens by accident, 6 then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee. 21:14 But if a man willfully attacks his neighbor to kill him cunningly, 7 you will take him even from my altar that he may die.
21:15 “Whoever strikes 8 his father or his mother must surely be put to death.
21:16 “Whoever kidnaps someone 9 and sells him, 10 or is caught still holding him, 11 must surely be put to death.
21:17 “Whoever treats his father or his mother disgracefully 12 must surely be put to death.
21:18 “If men fight, and one strikes his neighbor with a stone or with his fist and he does not die, but must remain in bed, 13 21:19 and then 14 if he gets up and walks about 15 outside on his staff, then the one who struck him is innocent, except he must pay 16 for the injured person’s 17 loss of time 18 and see to it that he is fully healed.
21:20 “If a man strikes his male servant or his female servant with a staff so that he or she 19 dies as a result of the blow, 20 he will surely be punished. 21 21:21 However, if the injured servant 22 survives one or two days, the owner 23 will not be punished, for he has suffered the loss. 24
21:22 “If men fight and hit a pregnant woman and her child is born prematurely, 25 but there is no serious injury, he will surely be punished in accordance with what the woman’s husband demands of him, and he will pay what the court decides. 26 21:23 But if there is serious injury, then you will give a life for a life, 21:24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 21:25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise. 27
21:26 “If a man strikes the eye of his male servant or his female servant so that he destroys it, 28 he will let the servant 29 go free 30 as compensation for the eye. 21:27 If he knocks out the tooth of his male servant or his female servant, he will let the servant 31 go free as compensation for the tooth.
21:28 32 “If an ox 33 gores a man or a woman so that either dies, 34 then the ox must surely 35 be stoned and its flesh must not be eaten, but the owner of the ox will be acquitted. 21:29 But if the ox had the habit of goring, and its owner was warned, 36 and he did not take the necessary precautions, 37 and then it killed a man or a woman, the ox must be stoned and the man must be put to death. 21:30 If a ransom is set for him, 38 then he must pay the redemption for his life according to whatever amount was set for him. 21:31 If the ox 39 gores a son or a daughter, the owner 40 will be dealt with according to this rule. 41 21:32 If the ox gores a male servant or a female servant, the owner 42 must pay thirty shekels of silver, 43 and the ox must be stoned. 44
21:33 “If a man opens a pit or if a man digs a pit and does not cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 21:34 the owner of the pit must repay 45 the loss. He must give money 46 to its owner, and the dead animal 47 will become his. 21:35 If the ox of one man injures the ox of his neighbor so that it dies, then they will sell the live ox and divide its proceeds, 48 and they will also divide the dead ox. 49 21:36 Or if it is known that the ox had the habit of goring, and its owner did not take the necessary precautions, he must surely pay 50 ox for ox, and the dead animal will become his. 51
[21:12] 1 sn The underlying point of this section remains vital today: The people of God must treat all human life as sacred.
[21:12] 2 tn The construction uses a Hiphil participle in construct with the noun for “man” (or person as is understood in a law for the nation): “the one striking [of] a man.” This is a casus pendens (independent nominative absolute); it indicates the condition or action that involves further consequence (GKC 361 §116.w).
[21:12] 3 tn The Hebrew word וָמֵת (vamet) is a Qal perfect with vav consecutive; it means “and he dies” and not “and killed him” (which require another stem). Gesenius notes that this form after a participle is the equivalent of a sentence representing a contingent action (GKC 333 §112.n). The word shows the result of the action in the opening participle. It is therefore a case of murder or manslaughter.
[21:12] 4 sn See A. Phillips, “Another Look at Murder,” JJS 28 (1977): 105-26.
[21:13] 5 tn Heb “if he does not lie in wait” (NASB similar).
[21:13] 6 tn Heb “and God brought into his hand.” The death is unintended, its circumstances outside human control.
[21:14] 7 tn The word עָרְמָה (’ormah) is problematic. It could mean with prior intent, which would be connected with the word in Prov 8:5, 12 which means “understanding” (or “prudence” – fully aware of the way things are). It could be connected also to an Arabic word for “enemy” which would indicate this was done with malice or evil intentions (U. Cassuto, Exodus, 270). The use here seems parallel to the one in Josh 9:4, an instance involving intentionality and clever deception.
[21:15] 8 sn This is the same construction that was used in v. 12, but here there is no mention of the parents’ death. This attack, then, does not lead to their death – if he killed one of them then v. 12 would be the law. S. R. Driver says that the severity of the penalty was in accord with the high view of parents (Exodus, 216).
[21:16] 9 tn Heb “a stealer of a man,” thus “anyone stealing a man.”
[21:16] 10 sn The implication is that it would be an Israelite citizen who was kidnapped and sold to a foreign tribe or country (like Joseph). There was always a market for slaves. The crime would be in forcibly taking the individual away from his home and religion and putting him into bondage or death.
[21:16] 11 tn Literally “and he is found in his hand” (KJV and ASV both similar), being not yet sold.
[21:17] 12 tn The form is a Piel participle from קָלַל (qalal), meaning in Qal “be light,” in Piel “treat lightly, curse, revile, declare contemptible, treat shamefully.” (See its use in Lev 19:14; Josh 24:9; Judg 9:26-28; 1 Sam 3:13; 17:43; 2 Sam 16:5-13; Prov 30:10-11; Eccl 7:21-22; 10:20.) It is opposite of “honor” (כָּבֵד, kaved; Qal “be heavy”; Piel “honor,” as in 20:12) and of “bless.” This verse then could refer to any act contrary to the commandment to honor the parents. B. Jacob (Exodus, 640) cites parallels in Sumerian where people were severely punished for publicly disowning their parents. “21:15, 17 taken together evoke the picture of parents who, physically and verbally, are forcibly turned out of the house (cf. Prov. 19:26)” (C. Houtman, Exodus, 3:148).
[21:18] 13 tn Heb “falls to bed.”
[21:19] 14 tn “and then” has been supplied.
[21:19] 15 tn The verb is a Hitpael perfect with vav (ו) consecutive; it follows the sequence of the imperfect before it – “if he gets up and walks about.” This is proof of recovery.
[21:19] 16 tn The imperfect tense carries a nuance of obligatory imperfect because this is binding on the one who hit him.
[21:19] 17 tn Heb “his”; the referent (the injured person) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[21:19] 18 tn The word appears to be the infinitive from the verb “to sit” with a meaning of “his sitting down”; some suggest it is from the verb “to rest” with a meaning “cease.” In either case the point in the context must mean compensation is due for the time he was down.
[21:20] 19 tn Heb “so that he”; the words “or she” have been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[21:20] 20 tn Heb “under his hand.”
[21:20] 21 tn Heb “will be avenged” (how is not specified).
[21:21] 22 tn Heb “if he”; the referent (the servant struck and injured in the previous verse) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[21:21] 23 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the owner of the injured servant) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
[21:21] 24 tn This last clause is a free paraphrase of the Hebrew, “for he is his money” (so KJV, ASV); NASB “his property.” It seems that if the slave survives a couple of days, it is probable that the master was punishing him and not intending to kill him. If he then dies, there is no penalty other than that the owner loses the slave who is his property – he suffers the loss.
[21:22] 25 tn This line has occasioned a good deal of discussion. It may indicate that the child was killed, as in a miscarriage; or it may mean that there was a premature birth. The latter view is taken here because of the way the whole section is written: (1) “her children come out” reflects a birth and not the loss of children, (2) there is no serious damage, and (3) payment is to be set for any remuneration. The word אָסוֹן (’ason) is translated “serious damage.” The word was taken in Mekilta to mean “death.” U. Cassuto says the point of the phrase is that neither the woman or the children that are born die (Exodus, 275). But see among the literature on this: M. G. Kline, “Lex Talionis and the Human Fetus,” JETS 20 (1977): 193-201; W. House, “Miscarriage or Premature Birth: Additional Thoughts on Exodus 21:22-25,” WTJ 41 (1978): 108-23; S. E. Loewenstamm, “Exodus XXI 22-25,” VT 27 (1977): 352-60.
[21:22] 26 tn The word בִּפְלִלִים (biflilim) means “with arbitrators.” The point then seems to be that the amount of remuneration for damages that was fixed by the husband had to be approved by the courts. S. R. Driver mentions an alternative to this unusual reading presented by Budde, reading בנפלים as “untimely birth” (Exodus, 219). See also E. A. Speiser, “The Stem PLL in Hebrew,” JBL 82 (1963): 301-6.
[21:25] 27 sn The text now introduces the Lex Talionis with cases that were not likely to have applied to the situation of the pregnant woman. See K. Luke, “Eye for Eye, Tooth for Tooth,” Indian Theological Studies 16 (1979): 326-43.
[21:26] 28 tn The form וְשִׁחֲתָהּ (vÿshikhatah) is the Piel perfect with the vav (ל) consecutive, rendered “and destroys it.” The verb is a strong one, meaning “to ruin, completely destroy.”
[21:26] 29 tn Heb “him”; the referent (the male or female servant) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[21:26] 30 sn Interestingly, the verb used here for “let him go” is the same verb throughout the first part of the book for “release” of the Israelites from slavery. Here, an Israelite will have to release the injured slave.
[21:27] 31 tn Heb “him”; the referent (the male or female servant) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[21:28] 32 sn The point that this section of the laws makes is that one must ensure the safety of others by controlling the circumstances.
[21:28] 33 tn Traditionally “ox,” but “bull” would also be suitable. The term may refer to one of any variety of large cattle.
[21:28] 34 tn Heb “and he dies”; KJV “that they die”; NAB, NASB “to death.”
[21:28] 35 tn The text uses סָקוֹל יִסָּקֵל (saqol yissaqel), a Qal infinitive absolute with a Niphal imperfect. The infinitive intensifies the imperfect, which here has an obligatory nuance or is a future of instruction.
[21:29] 36 tn The Hophal perfect has the idea of “attested, testified against.”
[21:29] 37 tn Heb “he was not keeping it” or perhaps guarding or watching it (referring to the ox).
[21:30] 38 sn The family of the victim would set the amount for the ransom of the man guilty of criminal neglect. This practice was common in the ancient world, rare in Israel. If the family allowed the substitute price, then the man would be able to redeem his life.
[21:31] 39 tn Heb “it”; the referent (the ox) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[21:31] 40 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the owner) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[21:31] 41 tn Heb “according to this judgment it shall be done to him.”
[21:32] 42 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the owner) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[21:32] 43 sn A shekel was a unit for measure by means of a scale. Both the weight and the value of a shekel of silver are hard to determine. “Though there is no certainty, the shekel is said to weigh about 11,5 grams” (C. Houtman, Exodus, 3:181). Over four hundred years earlier, Joseph was sold into Egypt for 20 shekels. The free Israelite citizen was worth about 50 shekels (Lev 27:3f.).
[21:32] 44 sn See further B. S. Jackson, “The Goring Ox Again [Ex. 21,28-36],” JJP 18 (1974): 55-94.
[21:34] 45 tn The verb is a Piel imperfect from שָׁלַם (shalam); it has the idea of making payment in full, making recompense, repaying. These imperfects could be given a future tense translation as imperfects of instruction, but in the property cases an obligatory imperfect fits better – this is what he is bound or obliged to do – what he must do.
[21:34] 47 tn Here the term “animal” has been supplied.
[21:35] 48 tn Literally “its silver” or “silver for it.”
[21:35] 49 tn Heb “divide the dead.” The noun “ox” has been supplied.
[21:36] 50 tn The construction now uses the same Piel imperfect (v. 34) but adds the infinitive absolute to it for emphasis.
[21:36] 51 sn The point of this section (21:28-36) seems to be that one must ensure the safety of others by controlling one’s property and possessions. This section pertained to neglect with animals, but the message would have applied to similar situations. The people of God were to take heed to ensure the well-being of others, and if there was a problem, it had to be made right.
