Roma 2:12

2:12 For all who have sinned apart from the law ¹  will also perish apart from the law, and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law.

Roma 4:11

4:11 And he received the sign of circumcision as a seal of the righteousness that he had by faith while he was still uncircumcised, ²  so that he would become ³  the father of all those who believe but have never been circumcised, ⁴  that they too could have righteousness credited to them.

Roma 4:16

4:16 For this reason it is by faith so that it may be by grace, ⁵  with the result that the promise may be certain to all the descendants – not only to those who are under the law, but also to those who have the faith of Abraham, ⁶  who is the father of us all

[2:12]  ¹ sn This is the first occurrence of law (nomos) in Romans. Exactly what Paul means by the term has been the subject of much scholarly debate. According to J. A. Fitzmyer (Romans [AB], 131-35; 305-6) there are at least four different senses: (1) figurative, as a “principle”; (2) generic, meaning “a law”; (3) as a reference to the OT or some part of the OT; and (4) as a reference to the Mosaic law. This last usage constitutes the majority of Paul’s references to “law” in Romans.

[4:11]  ² tn Grk “of the faith, the one [existing] in uncircumcision.”

[4:11]  ³ tn Grk “that he might be,” giving the purpose of v. 11a.

[4:11]  ⁴ tn Grk “through uncircumcision.”

[4:16]  ⁵ tn Grk “that it might be according to grace.”

[4:16]  ⁶ tn Grk “those who are of the faith of Abraham.”