Keluaran 8:2

8:2 But if you refuse to release them, then I am going to plague ¹  all your territory with frogs. ² 

Keluaran 8:6

8:6 So Aaron extended his hand over the waters of Egypt, and frogs ³  came up and covered the land of Egypt.

Keluaran 8:13

8:13 The Lord did as Moses asked ⁴  – the ⁵  frogs died out of the houses, the villages, and the fields.

Keluaran 8:23

8:23 I will put a division ⁶  between my people and your people. This sign will take place ⁷  tomorrow.”’”

Keluaran 8:25

8:25 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “Go, sacrifice to your God within the land.” ⁸ 

Keluaran 8:31

8:31 and the Lord did as Moses asked ⁹  – he removed the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his people. Not one remained!

Keluaran 22:2

22:2 “If a thief is caught ¹⁰  breaking in ¹¹  and is struck so that he dies, there will be no blood guilt for him. ¹² 

Keluaran 22:12

22:12 But if it was stolen ¹³  from him, ¹⁴  he will pay its owner.

Keluaran 22:17

22:17 If her father refuses to give her to him, he must pay money for the bride price of virgins.

Keluaran 22:21

22:21 “You must not wrong ¹⁵  a foreigner ¹⁶  nor oppress him, for you were foreigners in the land of Egypt.

Keluaran 22:23

22:23 If you afflict them ¹⁷  in any way ¹⁸  and they cry to me, I will surely hear ¹⁹  their cry,

Keluaran 22:26

22:26 If you do take ²⁰  the garment of your neighbor in pledge, you must return it to him by the time the sun goes down, ²¹ 

[8:2]  ¹ tn The construction here uses the deictic particle and the participle to convey the imminent future: “I am going to plague/about to plague.” The verb נָגַף (nagaf) means “to strike, to smite,” and its related noun means “a blow, a plague, pestilence” or the like. For Yahweh to say “I am about to plague you” could just as easily mean “I am about to strike you.” That is why these “plagues” can be described as “blows” received from God.

[8:2]  ² tn Heb “plague all your border with frogs.” The expression “all your border” is figurative for all the territory of Egypt and the people and things that are within the borders (also used in Exod 10:4, 14, 19; 13:7).

[8:2]  sn This word for frogs is mentioned in the OT only in conjunction with this plague (here and Pss 78:45, 105:30). R. A. Cole (Exodus [TOTC], 91) suggests that this word “frogs” (צְפַרְדְּעִים, tsÿfardÿ’im) may be an onomatopoeic word, something like “croakers”; it is of Egyptian origin and could be a Hebrew attempt to write the Arabic dofda.

[8:6]  ³ tn The noun is singular, a collective. B. Jacob notes that this would be the more natural way to refer to the frogs (Exodus, 260).

[8:13]  ⁴ tn Heb “according to the word of Moses” (so KJV, NASB). Just as Moses had told Pharaoh “according to your word” (v. 10), now the Lord does “according to the word” of Moses.

[8:13]  ⁵ tn Heb “and the frogs died.”

[8:23]  ⁶ tn The word in the text is פְדֻת (pÿdut, “redemption”). This would give the sense of making a distinction by redeeming Israel. The editors wish to read פְלֻת (pÿlut) instead – “a separation, distinction” to match the verb in the preceding verse. For another view, see G. I. Davies, “The Hebrew Text of Exodus VIII 19 [English 23]: An Emendation,” VT 24 (1974): 489-92.

[8:23]  ⁷ tn Heb “this sign will be tomorrow.”

[8:25]  ⁸ sn After the plague is inflicted on the land, then Pharaoh makes an appeal. So there is the familiar confrontation (vv. 25-29). Pharaoh’s words to Moses are an advancement on his previous words. Now he uses imperatives: “Go, sacrifice to your God.” But he restricts it to “in the [this] land.” This is a subtle attempt to keep them as a subjugated people and prevent their absolute allegiance to their God. This offered compromise would destroy the point of the exodus – to leave Egypt and find a new allegiance under the Lord.

[8:31]  ⁹ tn Heb “according to the word of Moses” (so KJV, ASV).

[22:2]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “found” (so KJV, ASV, NRSV).

[22:2]  ¹¹ tn The word בַּמַּחְתֶּרֶת (bammakhteret) means “digging through” the walls of a house (usually made of mud bricks). The verb is used only a few times and has the meaning of dig in (as into houses) or row hard (as in Jonah 1:13).

[22:2]  ¹² tn The text has “there is not to him bloods.” When the word “blood” is put in the plural, it refers to bloodshed, or the price of blood that is shed, i.e., blood guiltiness.

[22:2]  sn This law focuses on what is reasonable defense against burglary. If someone killed a thief who was breaking in during the night, he was not charged because he would not have known it was just a thief, but if it happened during the day, he was guilty of a crime, on the assumption that in daylight the thief posed no threat to the homeowner’s life and could be stopped and made to pay restitution.

[22:12]  ¹³ tn Both with this verb “stolen” and in the next clauses with “torn in pieces,” the text uses the infinitive absolute construction with less than normal emphasis; as Gesenius says, in conditional clauses, an infinitive absolute stresses the importance of the condition on which some consequence depends (GKC 342-43 §113.o).

[22:12]  ¹⁴ sn The point is that the man should have taken better care of the animal.

[22:21]  ¹⁵ tn Or “oppress.”

[22:21]  ¹⁶ tn Or “alien,” both here and in 23:9. This individual is a resident foreigner; he lives in the land but, aside from provisions such as this, might easily be without legal rights.

[22:23]  ¹⁷ tn The accusative here is the masculine singular pronoun, which leads S. R. Driver to conclude that this line is out of place, even though the masculine singular can be used in places like this (Exodus, 232). U. Cassuto says its use is to refer to certain classes (Exodus, 292).

[22:23]  ¹⁸ tn Here again and with “cry” the infinitive absolute functions with a diminished emphasis (GKC 342-43 §113.o).

[22:23]  ¹⁹ tn Here is the normal use of the infinitive absolute with the imperfect tense to emphasize the verb: “I will surely hear,” implying, “I will surely respond.”

[22:26]  ²⁰ tn The construction again uses the infinitive absolute with the verb in the conditional clause to stress the condition.

[22:26]  ²¹ tn The clause uses the preposition, the infinitive construct, and the noun that is the subjective genitive – “at the going in of the sun.”