Kejadian 9:6

9:6 “Whoever sheds human blood, ¹ 

by other humans ² 

must his blood be shed;

for in God’s image ³ 

God ⁴  has made humankind.”

Keluaran 21:12

Personal Injuries

21:12 ⁵ “Whoever strikes someone ⁶  so that he dies ⁷  must surely be put to death. ⁸ 

Keluaran 21:14

21:14 But if a man willfully attacks his neighbor to kill him cunningly, ⁹  you will take him even from my altar that he may die.

Imamat 24:17

24:17 “‘If a man beats any person to death, ¹⁰  he must be put to death.

Bilangan 35:19

35:19 The avenger ¹¹  of blood himself must kill the murderer; when he meets him, he must kill him.

Bilangan 35:21

35:21 or with enmity he strikes him with his hand and he dies, the one who struck him must surely be put to death, for he is a murderer. The avenger of blood must kill the murderer when he meets him.

Bilangan 35:27

35:27 and the avenger of blood finds him outside the borders of the town of refuge, and the avenger of blood kills the slayer, he will not be guilty of blood,

Bilangan 35:33

35:33 “You must not pollute the land where you live, for blood defiles the land, and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed there, except by the blood of the person who shed it.

Bilangan 35:1

The Levitical Cities

35:1 ¹² Then the Lord spoke to Moses in the Moabite plains by the Jordan near Jericho. ¹³  He said:

1 Raja-raja 2:32

2:32 May the Lord punish him for the blood he shed; ¹⁴  behind my father David’s back he struck down and murdered with the sword two men who were more innocent and morally upright than he ¹⁵  – Abner son of Ner, commander of Israel’s army, and Amasa son of Jether, commander of Judah’s army.

1 Raja-raja 2:2

2:2 “I am about to die. ¹⁶  Be strong and become a man!

1 Raja-raja 11:16

11:16 For six months Joab and the entire Israelite army ¹⁷  stayed there until they had exterminated every male in Edom. ¹⁸ 

[9:6]  ¹ tn Heb “the blood of man.”

[9:6]  ² tn Heb “by man,” a generic term here for other human beings.

[9:6]  ³ sn See the notes on the words “humankind” and “likeness” in Gen 1:26, as well as J. Barr, “The Image of God in the Book of Genesis – A Study of Terminology,” BJRL 51 (1968/69): 11-26.

[9:6]  ⁴ tn Heb “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[21:12]  ⁵ sn The underlying point of this section remains vital today: The people of God must treat all human life as sacred.

[21:12]  ⁶ tn The construction uses a Hiphil participle in construct with the noun for “man” (or person as is understood in a law for the nation): “the one striking [of] a man.” This is a casus pendens (independent nominative absolute); it indicates the condition or action that involves further consequence (GKC 361 §116.w).

[21:12]  ⁷ tn The Hebrew word וָמֵת (vamet) is a Qal perfect with vav consecutive; it means “and he dies” and not “and killed him” (which require another stem). Gesenius notes that this form after a participle is the equivalent of a sentence representing a contingent action (GKC 333 §112.n). The word shows the result of the action in the opening participle. It is therefore a case of murder or manslaughter.

[21:12]  ⁸ sn See A. Phillips, “Another Look at Murder,” JJS 28 (1977): 105-26.

[21:14]  ⁹ tn The word עָרְמָה (’ormah) is problematic. It could mean with prior intent, which would be connected with the word in Prov 8:5, 12 which means “understanding” (or “prudence” – fully aware of the way things are). It could be connected also to an Arabic word for “enemy” which would indicate this was done with malice or evil intentions (U. Cassuto, Exodus, 270). The use here seems parallel to the one in Josh 9:4, an instance involving intentionality and clever deception.

[24:17]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “And if a man strikes any soul [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] of mankind.” The idiom seems to derive from the idea of striking a fatal blow to the very “life” (literally, “soul”) of a human being, not just landing a blow on their body (HALOT 698 s.v. נכה hif.2). On the difficult of the meaning and significance of the term נֶפֶשׁ see the notes on Lev 17:10-11.

[35:19]  ¹¹ tn The participle גֹּאֵל (go’el) is the one who protects the family by seeking vengeance for a crime. This is the same verb used for levirate marriages and other related customs.

[35:1]  ¹² sn This section has two main parts, the Levitical cities (vv. 1-8) and the Cities of Refuge (vv. 9-34).

[35:1]  ¹³ map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.

[2:32]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “The Lord will cause his blood to return upon his head.”

[2:32]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “because he struck down two men more innocent and better than he and he killed them with the sword, and my father David did not know.”

[2:2]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “going the way of all the earth.”

[11:16]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “and all Israel.”

[11:16]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “until he had cut off every male in Edom.”