Imamat 11:13

Clean and Unclean Birds

11:13 “‘These you are to detest from among the birds – they must not be eaten, because they are detestable: ¹  the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the black vulture,

Imamat 27:18

27:18 but if ²  he consecrates his field after the jubilee, the priest will calculate the price ³  for him according to the years that are left until the next jubilee year, and it will be deducted from the conversion value.

Imamat 11:4

11:4 However, you must not eat these ⁴  from among those that chew the cud and have divided hooves: The camel is unclean to you ⁵  because it chews the cud ⁶  even though its hoof is not divided. ⁷ 

Imamat 11:22

11:22 These you may eat from them: ⁸  the locust of any kind, the bald locust of any kind, the cricket of any kind, the grasshopper of any kind.

Imamat 7:16

7:16 “‘If his offering is a votive or freewill sacrifice, ⁹  it may be eaten on the day he presents his sacrifice, and also the leftovers from it may be eaten on the next day, ¹⁰ 

Imamat 11:21

11:21 However, this you may eat from all the winged swarming things that walk on all fours, which have jointed legs ¹¹  to hop with on the land.

Imamat 19:6

19:6 It must be eaten on the day of your sacrifice and on the following day, ¹²  but what is left over until the third day must be burned up. ¹³ 

Imamat 5:1

Additional Sin Offering Regulations

5:1 “‘When a person sins ¹⁴  in that he hears a public curse against one who fails to testify ¹⁵  and he is a witness (he either saw or knew what had happened ¹⁶ ) and he does not make it known, ¹⁷  then he will bear his punishment for iniquity. ¹⁸ 

Imamat 11:9

Clean and Unclean Water Creatures

11:9 “‘These you can eat from all creatures that are in the water: Any creatures in the water that have both fins and scales, ¹⁹  whether in the seas or in the streams, ²⁰  you may eat.

Imamat 12:1

Purification of a Woman after Childbirth

12:1 The Lord spoke to Moses:

Imamat 9:16

9:16 He then presented the burnt offering, and did it according to the standard regulation. ²¹ 

Imamat 19:1

Religious and Social Regulations

19:1 The Lord spoke to Moses:

Imamat 20:1

Prohibitions against Illegitimate Family Worship

20:1 The Lord spoke to Moses:

Imamat 19:5

Eating the Peace Offering

19:5 “‘When you sacrifice a peace offering sacrifice to the Lord, you must sacrifice it so that it is accepted for you. ²² 

Imamat 21:4

21:4 He must not defile himself as a husband among his people so as to profane himself. ²³ 

Imamat 9:13

9:13 The burnt offering itself they handed ²⁴  to him by its parts, including the head, ²⁵  and he offered them up in smoke on the altar,

Imamat 23:2

23:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘These are the Lord’s appointed times which you must proclaim as holy assemblies – my appointed times: ²⁶ 

Imamat 25:15

25:15 You may buy it from your fellow citizen according to the number of years since ²⁷  the last jubilee; he may sell it to you according to the years of produce that are left. ²⁸ 

Imamat 25:54

25:54 If, however, ²⁹  he is not redeemed in these ways, he must go free ³⁰  in the jubilee year, he and his children with him,

Imamat 27:21

27:21 When it reverts ³¹  in the jubilee, the field will be holy to the Lord like a permanently dedicated field; ³²  it will become the priest’s property. ³³ 

Imamat 4:2

4:2 “Tell the Israelites, ‘When a person sins by straying unintentionally ³⁴  from any of the Lord’s commandments which must not be violated, and violates any ³⁵  one of them ³⁶  –

Imamat 7:20

7:20 The person who eats meat from the peace offering sacrifice which belongs to the Lord while his uncleanness persists ³⁷  will be cut off from his people. ³⁸ 

Imamat 11:24

Carcass Uncleanness

11:24 “‘By these ³⁹  you defile yourselves; anyone who touches their carcass will be unclean until the evening,

Imamat 20:5

20:5 I myself will set my face against that man and his clan. I will cut off from the midst of their people both him and all who follow after him in spiritual prostitution, ⁴⁰  to commit prostitution by worshiping Molech. ⁴¹ 

Imamat 20:23

20:23 You must not walk in the statutes of the nation ⁴²  which I am about to drive out before you, because they have done all these things and I am filled with disgust against them.

Imamat 21:1

Rules for the Priests

21:1 The Lord said to Moses: “Say to the priests, the sons of Aaron – say to them, ‘For a dead person ⁴³  no priest ⁴⁴  is to defile himself among his people, ⁴⁵ 

Imamat 25:27

25:27 he is to calculate the value of the years it was sold, ⁴⁶  refund the balance ⁴⁷  to the man to whom he had sold it, and return to his property.

Imamat 26:33

26:33 I will scatter you among the nations and unsheathe the sword ⁴⁸  after you, so your land will become desolate and your cities will become a waste.

Imamat 27:23

27:23 the priest will calculate for him the amount of its conversion value until the jubilee year, and he must pay ⁴⁹  the conversion value on that jubilee day as something that is holy to the Lord.

Imamat 1:2

1:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When ⁵⁰  someone ⁵¹  among you presents an offering ⁵²  to the Lord, ⁵³  you ⁵⁴  must present your offering from the domesticated animals, either from the herd or from the flock. ⁵⁵ 

Imamat 4:3

For the Priest

4:3 “‘If the high priest ⁵⁶  sins so that the people are guilty, ⁵⁷  on account of the sin he has committed he must present a flawless young bull to the Lord ⁵⁸  for a sin offering. ⁵⁹ 

Imamat 4:20

4:20 He must do with the rest of the bull just as he did with the bull of the sin offering; this is what he must do with it. ⁶⁰  So the priest will make atonement ⁶¹  on their behalf and they will be forgiven. ⁶² 

Imamat 25:28

25:28 If he has not prospered enough to refund ⁶³  a balance to him, then what he sold ⁶⁴  will belong to ⁶⁵  the one who bought it until the jubilee year, but it must revert ⁶⁶  in the jubilee and the original owner ⁶⁷  may return to his property.

Imamat 25:50

25:50 He must calculate with the one who bought him the number of years ⁶⁸  from the year he sold himself to him until the jubilee year, and the cost of his sale must correspond to the number of years, according to the rate of wages a hired worker would have earned while with him. ⁶⁹ 

[11:13]  ¹ tn For zoological remarks on the following list of birds see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:662-64; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 159-60.

[27:18]  ² tn Heb “And if.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have adversative force here.

[27:18]  ³ tn Heb “the silver.”

[11:4]  ⁴ tn Heb “this,” but as a collective plural (see the following context).

[11:4]  ⁵ sn Regarding “clean” versus “unclean,” see the note on Lev 10:10.

[11:4]  ⁶ tn Heb “because a chewer of the cud it is” (see also vv. 5 and 6).

[11:4]  ⁷ tn Heb “and hoof there is not dividing” (see also vv. 5 and 6).

[11:22]  ⁸ tn For entomological remarks on the following list of insects see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:665-66; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 160-61.

[7:16]  ⁹ tn For the distinction between votive and freewill offerings see the note on Lev 22:23 and the literature cited there.

[7:16]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “and on the next day and the left over from it shall be eaten.”

[11:21]  ¹¹ tn Heb “which to it are lower legs from above to its feet” (reading the Qere “to it” rather than the Kethib “not”).

[19:6]  ¹² tn Heb “from the following day” (HALOT 572 s.v. מָחֳרָת 2.b).

[19:6]  ¹³ tn Heb “shall be burned with fire”; KJV “shall be burnt in the fire.” Because “to burn with fire” is redundant in contemporary English the present translation simply has “must be burned up.”

[5:1]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “And a person when he sins.” Most English versions translate this as the protasis of a conditional clause: “if a person sins” (NASB, NIV).

[5:1]  sn The same expression occurs in Lev 4:2 where it introduces sins done “by straying unintentionally from any of the commandments of the Lord which must not be done” (see the notes there). Lev 5:1-13 is an additional section of sin offering regulations directed at violations other than those referred to by this expression in Lev 4:2 (see esp. 5:1-6), and expanding on the offering regulations for the common person in Lev 4:27-35 with concessions to the poor common person (5:7-13).

[5:1]  ¹⁵ tn The words “against one who fails to testify” are not in the Hebrew text, but have been supplied to make sense of the remark about the “curse” (“imprecation” or “oath”; cf. ASV “adjuration”; NIV “public charge”) for the modern reader. For the interpretation of this verse reflected in the present translation see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:292-97.

[5:1]  ¹⁶ tn The words “what had happened” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.

[5:1]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “and hears a voice of curse, and he is a witness or he saw or he knew, if he does not declare.”

[5:1]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “and he shall bear his iniquity.” The rendering “bear the punishment (for the iniquity)” reflects the use of the word “iniquity” to refer to the punishment for iniquity (cf. NRSV, NLT “subject to punishment”). It is sometimes referred to as the consequential use of the term (cf. Lev 5:17; 7:18; 10:17; etc.).

[11:9]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “all which have fin and scale” (see also vv. 10 and 12).

[11:9]  ²⁰ tn Heb “in the water, in the seas and in the streams” (see also vv. 10 and 12).

[9:16]  ²¹ tn The term “standard regulation” (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) here refers to the set of regulations for burnt offering goats in Lev 1:10-13. Cf. KJV “according to the manner”; ASV, NASB “according to the ordinance”; NIV, NLT “in the prescribed way”; CEV “in the proper way.”

[19:5]  ²² tn Heb “for your acceptance”; cf. NIV, NLT “it will be accepted on your behalf.”

[21:4]  ²³ tn Heb “He shall not defile himself a husband in his peoples, to profane himself.” The meaning of the line is disputed, but it appears to prohibit a priest from burying any relative by marriage (as opposed to the blood relatives of vv. 2-3), including his wife (compare B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 142-43 with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 343, 348).

[9:13]  ²⁴ tn See the note on v. 12.

[9:13]  ²⁵ tn Heb “and the burnt offering they handed to him to its parts and the head.”

[23:2]  ²⁶ tn Heb “these are them, my appointed times.”

[23:2]  sn The term מוֹעֵד (mo’ed, rendered “appointed time” here) can refer to either a time or place of meeting. See the note on “tent of meeting” (אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, ’ohel mo’ed) in Lev 1:1.

[25:15]  ²⁷ tn Heb “in the number of years after.”

[25:15]  ²⁸ tn The words “that are left” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.

[25:15]  sn The purchaser is actually buying only the crops that the land will produce until the next jubilee, since the land will revert to the original owner at that time. The purchaser, therefore, is not actually buying the land itself.

[25:54]  ²⁹ tn Heb “And if.”

[25:54]  ³⁰ tn Heb “go out.”

[27:21]  ³¹ tn Heb “When it goes out” (cf. Lev 25:25-34).

[27:21]  ³² tn Heb “like the field of the permanent dedication.” The Hebrew word חֵרֶם (kherem) is a much discussed term. In this and the following verses it refers in a general way to the fact that something is permanently devoted to the Lord and therefore cannot be redeemed (cf. v. 20b). See J. A. Naudé, NIDOTTE 2:276-77; N. Lohfink, TDOT 5:180-99, esp. pp. 184, 188, and 198-99; and the numerous explanations in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 483-85.

[27:21]  ³³ tn Heb “to the priest it shall be his property.”

[4:2]  ³⁴ tn Heb “And a person, when he sins in straying.” The English translation of “by straying” (בִּשְׁגָגָה [bishgagah] literally, “in going astray; in making an error”) varies greatly, but almost all suggest that this term refers to sins that were committed by mistake or done not knowing that the particular act was sinful (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:228-29). See, e.g., LXX “involuntarily”; Tg. Onq. “by neglect”; KJV “through ignorance”; ASV, RSV, NJPS “unwittingly”; NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT “unintentionally”; NAB, NEB “inadvertently”; NCV “by accident.” However, we know from Num 15:27-31 that committing a sin “by straying” is the opposite of committing a sin “defiantly” (i.e., בְּיַד רָמָה [bÿyad ramah] “with a raised hand,” v. 30). In the latter case the person, as it were, raises his fist in presumptuous defiance against the Lord. Thus, he “blasphemes” the Lord and has “despised” his word, for which he should be “cut off from among his people” (Num 15:30-31). One could not bring an offering for such a sin. The expression here in Lev 4:2 combines “by straying” with the preposition “from” which fits naturally with “straying” (i.e., “straying from” the Lord’s commandments). For sins committed “by straying” from the commandments (Lev 4 throughout) or other types of transgressions (Lev 5:1-6) there was indeed forgiveness available through the sin offering. See R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:94-95.

[4:2]  ³⁵ tn This is an emphatic use of the preposition מִן (min; see R. J. Williams, Hebrew Syntax, 56-57, §325).

[4:2]  ³⁶ tn The “when” clause (כִּי, ki) breaks off here before its resolution, thus creating an open-ended introduction to the following subsections, which are introduced by “if” (אִם [’im] vv. 3, 13, 27, 32). Also, the last part of the verse reads literally, “which must not be done and does from one from them.”

[7:20]  ³⁷ tn Heb “and his unclean condition is on him.”

[7:20]  ³⁸ sn The exact meaning of this penalty clause is not certain. It could mean that he will be executed, whether by God or by man, he will be excommunicated from sanctuary worship and/or community benefits (cf. TEV, CEV), or his line will be terminated by God (i.e., extirpation), etc. See J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 100; J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:457-60; and B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 241-42 for further discussion.

[11:24]  ³⁹ tn Heb “and to these.”

[20:5]  ⁴⁰ tn The adjective “spiritual” has been supplied in the translation to clarify that this is not a reference to literal prostitution, but figuratively compares idolatry to prostitution.

[20:5]  ⁴¹ tn Heb “to commit harlotry after Molech.” The translation employs “worshiping” here for clarity (cf. NAB, NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT). On the “cut off” penalty see the note on Lev 7:20.

[20:23]  ⁴² tc One medieval Hebrew ms, Smr, and all the major ancient versions have the plural “nations.” Some English versions retain the singular (e.g., KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV); others have the plural “nations” (e.g., NAB, NIV) and still others translate as “people” (e.g., TEV, NLT).

[21:1]  ⁴³ tn The Hebrew term נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh, “soul, person, life”) can sometimes refer to a “dead person” (cf. Lev 19:28 above and the literature cited there).

[21:1]  ⁴⁴ tn Heb “no one,” but “priest” has been used in the translation to clarify that these restrictions are limited to the priests, not to the Israelites in general (note the introductory formula, “say to the priests, the sons of Aaron”).

[21:1]  ⁴⁵ tc The MT has “in his peoples,” but Smr, LXX, Syriac, Targum, and Tg. Ps.-J. have “in his people,” referring to the Israelites as a whole.

[25:27]  ⁴⁶ tn Heb “and he shall calculate its years of sale.”

[25:27]  ⁴⁷ tn Heb “and return the excess.”

[26:33]  ⁴⁸ tn Heb “and I will empty sword” (see HALOT 1228 s.v. ריק 3).

[27:23]  ⁴⁹ tn Heb “give” (so KJV, ASV, NASB, NLT).

[1:2]  ⁵⁰ tn “When” here translates the MT’s כִּי (ki, “if, when”), which regularly introduces main clauses in legislative contexts (see, e.g., Lev 2:1, 4; 4:2, etc.) in contrast to אִם (’im, “if”), which usually introduces subordinate sections (see, e.g., Lev 1:3, 10, 14; 2:5, 7, 14; 4:3, 13, etc.; cf. כִּי in Exod 21:2 and 7 as opposed to אִם in vv. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11).

[1:2]  sn Lev 1:1-2 serves as a heading for Lev 1-3 (i.e., the basic regulations regarding the presentation of the burnt, grain, and peace offerings) and, at the same time, leads directly into the section on “burnt offerings” in Lev 1:3. In turn, Lev 1:3-17 divides into three subsections, all introduced by אִם “if” (Lev 1:3-9, 10-13, and 14-17, respectively). Similar patterns are discernible throughout Lev 1:2-6:7 [5:26 HT].

[1:2]  ⁵¹ tn Heb “a man, human being” (אָדָם, ’adam), which in this case refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female, since women could also bring such offerings (see, e.g., Lev 12:6-8; 15:29-30; cf. HALOT 14 s.v. I אָדָם); cf. NIV “any of you.”

[1:2]  ⁵² tn The verb “presents” is cognate to the noun “offering” in v. 2 and throughout the book of Leviticus (both from the root קרב [qrb]). One could translate the verb “offers,” but this becomes awkward and, in fact, inaccurate in some passages. For example, in Lev 9:9 this verb is used for the presenting or giving of the blood to Aaron so that he could offer it to the Lord. The blood is certainly not being “offered” as an offering to Aaron there.

[1:2]  ⁵³ tn The whole clause reads more literally, “A human being (אָדָם, ’adam), if he brings from among you an offering to the Lord.”

[1:2]  ⁵⁴ tn The shift to the second person plural verb here corresponds to the previous second person plural pronoun “among you.” It is distinct from the regular pattern of third person singular verbs throughout the rest of Lev 1-3. This too labels Lev 1:1-2 as an introduction to all of Lev 1-3, not just the burnt offering regulations in Lev 1 (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:146; cf. note 3 above).

[1:2]  ⁵⁵ tn Heb “from the domesticated animal, from the herd, and from the flock.” It is clear from the subsequent division between animals from the “herd” (בָּקָר, baqar, in Lev 1:3-9) and the “flock” (צֹאן, tso’n; see Lev 1:10-13) that the term for “domesticated animal” (בְּהֵמָה, bÿhemah) is a general term meant to introduce the category of pastoral quadrupeds. The stronger disjunctive accent over בְּהֵמָה in the MT as well as the lack of a vav (ו) between it and בָּקָר also suggest בְּהֵמָה is an overall category that includes both “herd” and “flock” quadrupeds.

[1:2]  sn The bird category (Lev 1:14-17) is not included in this introduction because bird offerings were, by and large, concessions to the poor (cf., e.g., Lev 5:7-10; 12:8; 14:21-32) and, therefore, not considered to be one of the primary categories of animal offerings.

[4:3]  ⁵⁶ tn Heb “the anointed priest” (so ASV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV). This refers to the high priest (cf. TEV, CEV, NLT).

[4:3]  ⁵⁷ tn Heb “to the guilt of the people”; NRSV “thus bringing guilt on the people.”

[4:3]  ⁵⁸ tn Heb “and he shall offer on his sin which he sinned, a bull, a son of the herd, flawless.”

[4:3]  ⁵⁹ sn The word for “sin offering” (sometimes translated “purification offering”) is the same as the word for “sin” earlier in the verse. One can tell which rendering is intended only by the context. The primary purpose of the “sin offering” (חַטָּאת, khatta’t) was to “purge” (כִּפֶּר, kipper, “to make atonement,” see 4:20, 26, 31, 35, and the notes on Lev 1:4 and esp. Lev 16:20, 33) the sanctuary or its furniture in order to cleanse it from any impurities and/or (re)consecrate it for holy purposes (see, e.g., Lev 8:15; 16:19). By making this atonement the impurities of the person or community were cleansed and the people became clean. See R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:93-103.

[4:20]  ⁶⁰ sn Cf. Lev 4:11-12 above for the disposition of “the [rest of] the bull.”

[4:20]  ⁶¹ sn The focus of sin offering “atonement” was purging impurities from the tabernacle (see the note on Lev 1:4).

[4:20]  ⁶² tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to them” or “it shall be forgiven to them.”

[25:28]  ⁶³ tn Heb “And if his hand has not found sufficiency of returning.” Although some versions take this to mean that he has not made enough to regain the land (e.g., NASB, NRSV; see also B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 176), the combination of terms in Hebrew corresponds to the portion of v. 27 that refers specifically to refunding the money (cf. v. 27; see NIV and G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 315).

[25:28]  ⁶⁴ tn Heb “his sale.”

[25:28]  ⁶⁵ tn Heb “will be in the hand of.” This refers to the temporary control of the one who purchased its produce until the next year of jubilee, at which time it would revert to the original owner.

[25:28]  ⁶⁶ tn Heb “it shall go out” (so KJV, ASV; see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 176).

[25:28]  ⁶⁷ tn Heb “he”; the referent (the original owner of the land) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[25:50]  ⁶⁸ tn Heb “the years.”

[25:50]  ⁶⁹ tn Heb “as days of a hired worker he shall be with him.” For this and the following verses see the explanation in P. J. Budd, Leviticus (NCBC), 358-59.