Kisah Para Rasul 22:27-28

22:27 So the commanding officer ¹  came and asked ²  Paul, ³  “Tell me, are you a Roman citizen?” ⁴  He replied, ⁵  “Yes.” 22:28 The commanding officer ⁶  answered, “I acquired this citizenship with a large sum of money.” ⁷  “But I was even ⁸  born a citizen,” ⁹  Paul replied. ¹⁰ 

Kisah Para Rasul 16:37

16:37 But Paul said to the police officers, ¹¹  “They had us beaten in public ¹²  without a proper trial ¹³  – even though we are Roman citizens ¹⁴  – and they threw us ¹⁵  in prison. And now they want to send us away ¹⁶  secretly? Absolutely not! They ¹⁷  themselves must come and escort us out!” ¹⁸ 

Kisah Para Rasul 25:16

25:16 I answered them ¹⁹  that it was not the custom of the Romans to hand over anyone ²⁰  before the accused had met his accusers face to face ²¹  and had been given ²²  an opportunity to make a defense against the accusation. ²³ 

[22:27]  ¹ tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:27]  ² tn Grk “and said to.”

[22:27]  ³ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:27]  ⁴ tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:27]  ⁵ tn Grk “He said.”

[22:28]  ⁶ tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:28]  ⁷ sn Sometimes Roman citizenship was purchased through a bribe (Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.17.4-9). That may well have been the case here.

[22:28]  ⁸ tn BDAG 495-96 s.v. καί 2.b has “intensive: even…Ac 5:39; 22:28.”

[22:28]  ⁹ tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:28]  sn Paul’s reference to being born a citizen suggests he inherited his Roman citizenship from his family.

[22:28]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “Paul said.” This phrase has been placed at the end of the sentence in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[16:37]  ¹¹ tn Grk “to them”; the referent (the police officers) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:37]  ¹² tn Grk “Having us beaten in public.” The participle δείραντες (deirante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[16:37]  ¹³ tn Or “in public, uncondemned.” BDAG 35 s.v. ἀκατάκριτος has “uncondemned, without due process” for this usage.

[16:37]  ¹⁴ tn The participle ὑπάρχοντας (Juparconta") has been translated as a concessive adverbial participle.

[16:37]  ¹⁵ tn The word “us” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[16:37]  ¹⁶ tn L&N 28.71 has “send us away secretly” for this verse.

[16:37]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “But they.”

[16:37]  ¹⁸ sn They themselves must come and escort us out! Paul was asking for the injustice he and Silas suffered to be symbolically righted. It was a way of publicly taking their actions off the record and showing the apostles’ innocence, a major public statement. Note the apology given in v. 39.

[25:16]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “to whom I answered.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced with a personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence started in the translation at the beginning of v. 16.

[25:16]  sn “I answered them.” In the answer that follows, Festus is portrayed in a more positive light, being sensitive to justice and Roman law.

[25:16]  ²⁰ tn Grk “any man.” This is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpos).

[25:16]  ²¹ tn Or “has met his accusers in person.”

[25:16]  ²² tn Grk “and receives.”

[25:16]  ²³ tn Or “indictment” (a legal technical term). BDAG 273-74 s.v. ἔγκλημα 1 states, “legal t.t.…ἀπολογία περὶ τοῦ ἐ. defense against the accusation Ac 25:16.” L&N 56.6 defines ἔγκλημα (enklhma) as “(a technical, legal term) a formal indictment or accusation brought against someone – ‘indictment, accusation, case.’ …‘and might receive an opportunity for a defense against the indictment’ Ac 25:16.”