2 Samuel 22:5-6

22:5 The waves of death engulfed me;

the currents ¹  of chaos ²  overwhelmed me. ³ 

22:6 The ropes of Sheol ⁴  tightened around me; ⁵ 

the snares of death trapped me. ⁶ 

2 Samuel 22:48

22:48 The one true God completely vindicates me; ⁷ 

he makes nations submit to me. ⁸ 

2 Samuel 23:22

23:22 Such were the exploits of Benaiah son of Jehoida, who gained fame among the three elite warriors.

[22:5]  ¹ tn The noun נַחַל (nakhal) usually refers to a river or stream, but in this context the plural form likely refers to the currents of the sea (see vv. 15-16).

[22:5]  ² tn The noun בְלִיַּעַל (bÿliyya’al) is used here as an epithet for death. Elsewhere it is a common noun meaning “wickedness, uselessness” (see HALOT 133-34 s.v. בְּלִיַּעַל). It is often associated with rebellion against authority and other crimes that result in societal disorder and anarchy. The phrase “man/son of wickedness” refers to one who opposes God and the order he has established. The term becomes an appropriate title for death, which, through human forces, launches an attack against God’s chosen servant.

[22:5]  ³ tn In this poetic narrative context the prefixed verbal form is best understood as a preterite indicating past tense, not an imperfect. (Note the perfect verbal form in the parallel/preceding line.) The verb בָּעַת (ba’at) sometimes by metonymy carries the nuance “frighten,” but the parallelism (note “engulfed” in the preceding line) favors the meaning “overwhelm” here.

[22:6]  ⁴ tn “Sheol,” personified here as David’s enemy, is the underworld, place of the dead in primitive Hebrew cosmology.

[22:6]  ⁵ tn Heb “surrounded me.”

[22:6]  ⁶ tn Heb “confronted me.”

[22:48]  ⁷ tn Heb “The God is the one who grants vengeance to me.” The plural form of the noun “vengeance” indicates degree here, suggesting complete vengeance or vindication. In the ancient Near East military victory was sometimes viewed as a sign that one’s God had judged in favor of the victor, avenging and/or vindicating him. See, for example, Judg 11:27, 32-33, 36.

[22:48]  ⁸ tn Heb “and [is the one who] brings down nations beneath me.”