Yeremia 6:2-3

6:2 I will destroy ¹  Daughter Zion, ² 

who is as delicate and defenseless as a young maiden. ³ 

6:3 Kings will come against it with their armies. ⁴ 

They will encamp in siege all around it. ⁵ 

Each of them will devastate the portion assigned to him. ⁶ 

Yeremia 6:2

6:2 I will destroy ⁷  Daughter Zion, ⁸ 

who is as delicate and defenseless as a young maiden. ⁹ 

Kisah Para Rasul 25:1-4

Paul Appeals to Caesar

25:1 Now ¹⁰  three days after Festus ¹¹  arrived in the province, he went up to Jerusalem ¹²  from Caesarea. ¹³  25:2 So the chief priests and the most prominent men ¹⁴  of the Jews brought formal charges ¹⁵  against Paul to him. 25:3 Requesting him to do them a favor against Paul, ¹⁶  they urged Festus ¹⁷  to summon him to Jerusalem, planning an ambush ¹⁸  to kill him along the way. 25:4 Then Festus ¹⁹  replied that Paul was being kept at Caesarea, ²⁰  and he himself intended to go there ²¹  shortly.

Yesaya 1:8

1:8 Daughter Zion ²²  is left isolated,

like a hut in a vineyard,

or a shelter in a cucumber field;

she is a besieged city. ²³ 

Lukas 19:43-44

19:43 For the days will come upon you when your enemies will build ²⁴  an embankment ²⁵  against you and surround you and close in on you from every side. 19:44 They will demolish you ²⁶  – you and your children within your walls ²⁷  – and they will not leave within you one stone ²⁸  on top of another, ²⁹  because you did not recognize the time of your visitation from God.” ³⁰ 

Lukas 21:20-24

The Desolation of Jerusalem

21:20 “But when you see Jerusalem ³¹  surrounded ³²  by armies, then know that its ³³  desolation ³⁴  has come near. 21:21 Then those who are in Judea must flee ³⁵  to the mountains. Those ³⁶  who are inside the city must depart. Those ³⁷  who are out in the country must not enter it, 21:22 because these are days of vengeance, ³⁸  to fulfill ³⁹  all that is written. 21:23 Woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing their babies in those days! For there will be great distress ⁴⁰  on the earth and wrath against this people. 21:24 They ⁴¹  will fall by the edge ⁴²  of the sword and be led away as captives ⁴³  among all nations. Jerusalem ⁴⁴  will be trampled down by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled. ⁴⁵ 

[6:2]  ¹ tn The verb here is another example of the Hebrew verb form that indicates the action is as good as done (a Hebrew prophetic perfect).

[6:2]  ² sn Jerusalem is personified as a young maiden who is helpless in the hands of her enemies.

[6:2]  ³ tn Heb “The beautiful and delicate one I will destroy, the daughter of Zion. The English versions and commentaries are divided over the rendering of this verse because (1) there are two verbs with these same consonants, one meaning “to be like” and the other meaning “to be destroyed” (intransitive) or “to destroy” (transitive), and (2) the word rendered “beautiful” (נָוָה, navah) can be understood as a noun meaning “pasture” or as a defective writing of an adjective meaning “beautiful, comely” (נָאוָה, na’vah). Hence some render “Fair Zion, you are like a lovely pasture,” reading the verb form as an example of the old second feminine singular perfect. Although this may fit the imagery of the next verse, that rendering ignores the absence of a preposition (לְ or אֶל, lÿ or ’el, both of which can be translated “to”) that normally goes with the verb “be like” and drops the conjunction in front of the adjective “delicate.” The parallel usage of the verb in Hos 4:5 argues for the meaning “destroy.”

[6:3]  ⁴ tn Heb “Shepherds and their flocks will come against it.” Rulers are often depicted as shepherds; see BDB 945 s.v. רָעָה 1.d(2) (cf. Jer 12:10). The translation of this verse attempts to clarify the point of this extended metaphor.

[6:3]  ⁵ tn Heb “They will thrust [= pitch] tents around it.” The shepherd imagery has a surprisingly ominous tone. The beautiful pasture filled with shepherds grazing their sheep is in reality a city under siege from an attacking enemy.

[6:3]  ⁶ tn Heb “They will graze each one his portion.” For the use of the verb “graze” to mean “strip” or “devastate” see BDB 945 s.v. רָעָה 2.c. For a similar use of the word normally meaning “hand” to mean portion compare 2 Sam 19:43 (19:44 HT).

[6:3]  sn There is a wordplay involving “sound…in Tekoa” mentioned in the study note on “destruction” in v. 1. The Hebrew verb “they will pitch” is from the same root as the word translated “sound” (taqÿ’u [תִּקְעוּ] here and tiq’u [תִּקְעוּ] in v. 1).

[6:2]  ⁷ tn The verb here is another example of the Hebrew verb form that indicates the action is as good as done (a Hebrew prophetic perfect).

[6:2]  ⁸ sn Jerusalem is personified as a young maiden who is helpless in the hands of her enemies.

[6:2]  ⁹ tn Heb “The beautiful and delicate one I will destroy, the daughter of Zion. The English versions and commentaries are divided over the rendering of this verse because (1) there are two verbs with these same consonants, one meaning “to be like” and the other meaning “to be destroyed” (intransitive) or “to destroy” (transitive), and (2) the word rendered “beautiful” (נָוָה, navah) can be understood as a noun meaning “pasture” or as a defective writing of an adjective meaning “beautiful, comely” (נָאוָה, na’vah). Hence some render “Fair Zion, you are like a lovely pasture,” reading the verb form as an example of the old second feminine singular perfect. Although this may fit the imagery of the next verse, that rendering ignores the absence of a preposition (לְ or אֶל, lÿ or ’el, both of which can be translated “to”) that normally goes with the verb “be like” and drops the conjunction in front of the adjective “delicate.” The parallel usage of the verb in Hos 4:5 argues for the meaning “destroy.”

[25:1]  ¹⁰ tn BDAG 736-37 s.v. οὖν 2.b states, “οὖν serves to indicate a transition to someth. new…now, then, well…Ac 25:1.”

[25:1]  ¹¹ sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.

[25:1]  ¹² map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[25:1]  ¹³ sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1. This was a journey of 65 mi (just over 100 km).

[25:1]  map For location see Map2 C1; Map4 B3; Map5 F2; Map7 A1; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[25:2]  ¹⁴ tn BDAG 893-94 s.v. πρῶτος 2.a.β has “οἱ πρῶτοι the most prominent men, the leading men w. gen. of the place…or of a group…οἱ πρ. τοῦ λαοῦ…Lk 19:47; cp. Ac 25:2; 28:17.”

[25:2]  ¹⁵ tn BDAG 326 s.v. ἐμφανίζω 3 has “ἐ. τινὶ κατά τινος bring formal charges against someone…Ac 24:1; 25:2.”

[25:2]  sn Note how quickly the Jewish leadership went after Paul: They brought formal charges against him within three days of Festus’ arrival in the province.

[25:3]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “Requesting a favor against him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation, the understood direct object of “requesting” has been supplied, and the phrase “to do them” supplied for clarity.

[25:3]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Festus) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The words “they urged him” are in v. 2 in the Greek text.

[25:3]  ¹⁸ sn Planning an ambush. The Jewish leadership had not forgotten the original plan of several years ago (see 23:16). They did not trust the Roman legal process, but preferred to take matters into their own hands.

[25:4]  ¹⁹ sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.

[25:4]  ²⁰ sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1.

[25:4]  ²¹ tn The word “there” is not in the Greek text but is implied.

[1:8]  ²² tn Heb “daughter of Zion” (so KJV, NASB, NIV). The genitive is appositional, identifying precisely which daughter is in view. By picturing Zion as a daughter, the prophet emphasizes her helplessness and vulnerability before the enemy.

[1:8]  ²³ tn Heb “like a city besieged.” Unlike the preceding two comparisons, which are purely metaphorical, this third one identifies the reality of Israel’s condition. In this case the comparative preposition, as in v. 7b, has the force, “in every way like,” indicating that all the earmarks of a siege are visible because that is indeed what is taking place. The verb form in MT is Qal passive participle of נָצַר (natsar, “guard”), but since this verb is not often used of a siege (see BDB 666 s.v. I נָצַר), some prefer to repoint the form as a Niphal participle from II צוּר (tsur, “besiege”). However, the latter is not attested elsewhere in the Niphal (see BDB 848 s.v. II צוּר).

[19:43]  ²⁴ sn Jesus now predicted the events that would be fulfilled in the fall of Jerusalem in a.d. 70. The details of the siege have led some to see Luke writing this after Jerusalem’s fall, but the language of the verse is like God’s exilic judgment for covenant unfaithfulness (Hab 2:8; Jer 6:6, 14; 8:13-22; 9:1; Ezek 4:2; 26:8; Isa 29:1-4). Specific details are lacking and the procedures described (build an embankment against you) were standard Roman military tactics.

[19:43]  ²⁵ sn An embankment refers to either wooden barricades or earthworks, or a combination of the two.

[19:44]  ²⁶ tn Grk “They will raze you to the ground.”

[19:44]  sn The singular pronoun you refers to the city of Jerusalem personified.

[19:44]  ²⁷ tn Grk “your children within you.” The phrase “[your] walls” has been supplied in the translation to clarify that the city of Jerusalem, metaphorically pictured as an individual, is spoken of here.

[19:44]  ²⁸ sn (Not) one stone on top of another is an idiom for total destruction.

[19:44]  ²⁹ tn Grk “leave stone on stone.”

[19:44]  ³⁰ tn Grk “the time of your visitation.” To clarify what this refers to, the words “from God” are supplied at the end of the verse, although they do not occur in the Greek text.

[19:44]  sn You did not recognize the time of your visitation refers to the time God came to visit them. They had missed the Messiah; see Luke 1:68-79.

[21:20]  ³¹ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[21:20]  ³² sn See Luke 19:41-44. This passage refers to the events associated with the fall of Jerusalem, when the city is surrounded by armies.

[21:20]  ³³ tn Grk “her,” referring to the city of Jerusalem (the name “Jerusalem” in Greek is a feminine noun).

[21:20]  ³⁴ sn The phrase its desolation is a reference to the fall of the city, which is the only antecedent present in Luke’s account. The parallels to this in Matt 24:15 and Mark 13:14 refer to the temple’s desolation, though Matthew’s allusion is clearer. They focus on the parallel events of the end, not on the short term realization in a.d. 70. The entire passage has a prophetic “two events in one” typology, where the near term destruction (a.d. 70) is like the end. So the evangelists could choose to focus on the near time realization (Luke) or on its long term fulfillment, which mirrors it (Matthew, Mark).

[21:21]  ³⁵ sn Fleeing to the mountains is a key OT image: Gen 19:17; Judg 6:2; Isa 15:5; Jer 16:16; Zech 14:5.

[21:21]  ³⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[21:21]  ³⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[21:22]  ³⁸ tn Or “of punishment.” This is a time of judgment.

[21:22]  ³⁹ tn The passive construction with the infinitive πλησθῆναι (plhsqhnai) has been translated as an active construction for simplicity, in keeping with contemporary English style.

[21:23]  ⁴⁰ sn Great distress means that this is a period of great judgment.

[21:24]  ⁴¹ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[21:24]  ⁴² tn Grk “by the mouth of the sword” (an idiom for the edge of a sword).

[21:24]  ⁴³ sn Here is the predicted judgment against the nation until the time of Gentile rule has passed: Its people will be led away as captives.

[21:24]  ⁴⁴ tn Grk “And Jerusalem.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[21:24]  ⁴⁵ sn Until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled implies a time when Israel again has a central role in God’s plan.